<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00dcRK\u0130STAN\u2019da DEVR-\u0130 ALEM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130smail Kahraman\u2019\u0131n Kalem ve Kameras\u0131n\u2019dan Anayurt\u2019dan Ata Yurda<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrk bas\u0131n tarihinde bir ilki ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek kendi imkanlar\u0131m\u0131zla Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a giderek Urum\u00e7i, Turfan, Ka\u015fgar, Yarkent ve Hotana\u2019da belgesel \u00e7eken ilk gazeteci olduk. 27 A\u011fustos ve 5 Eyl\u00fcl 2012 tarihlerinde Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da \u00e7ekti\u011fimiz belgeselin senaryo metnini sizlerle payla\u015f\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan geliyorum<\/p>\n\n\n\n
27 A\u011fustos ve 5 Eyl\u00fcl 2012 tarihleri aras\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in ba\u015fkenti Pekin ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n tarih ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u015fehirlerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 10 g\u00fcnl\u00fck geziyi tamamlayarak \u00f6nceki gece sabaha yak\u0131n 10 saatlik bir u\u00e7ak yolculu\u011fu ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye d\u00f6nd\u00fcm.\u00c7in\u2019e bu benim ikinci kez gidi\u015fimdi.\u00c7in\u2019e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ilk ziyaret 2006 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f, 12 g\u00fcn \u00c7in\u2019in do\u011fusundaki Pekin\u2019den yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u015eangay, \u015eian, Guanzo, \u015eenzen ve Hong Kong\u2019u gezerek belgesel \u00e7ekimleri yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k.\n\n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Urum\u00e7i\u2019den yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p Turfan, Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc i\u00e7erisindeki Hotan, k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi Yarkent, Pamir ve Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131 ete\u011findeki ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devleti olan Karahanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n kuruldu\u011fu Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m gezerek Devri- Alem belgesel program\u0131 olarak tarihe not d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp zamana noterlik yapt\u0131k.\n\n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan illeri ve \u00c7in\u2019in ba\u015fkenti Pekin ile ilgili geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir yaz\u0131 serisini \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki g\u00fcnlerde sizlerle ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak payla\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. Ancak bug\u00fcn \u00f6zetle Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ve \u00c7in gezimiz ile ilgili \u00f6zet bilgileri sizinle payla\u015fmak istiyorum.\n\n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ve \u0130pek Yolu k\u00fclt\u00fcr co\u011frafyam\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131. En b\u00fcy\u00fck hayalim \u0130pek Yolu g\u00fczergah\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa gezmek. \u00c7in\u2019den ba\u015flayan ve \u0130stanbul\u2019da sona eren \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nu gezip belgesel \u00e7ekmeye bir \u00f6m\u00fcr yetmez. Ama par\u00e7a par\u00e7a da olsa biz \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nu gezerek belgesel \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz.Bu kapsamda Pakistan, Afganistan, T\u00fcrkmenistan, \u00d6zbekistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, Mo\u011folistan ve \u00c7in\u2019de belgesel \u00e7ekimleri yapt\u0131k.\n\n Japonlar\u0131n 80\u2019li y\u0131llarda \u00e7ekti\u011fi ve TRT\u2019de siyah-beyaz olarak yay\u0131nlanan \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130pek Yolu belgeseli, g\u00f6n\u00fcllerimize taht kurmu\u015ftu. Benimde belgeselci olmama \u0130pek Yolu belgeseli y\u00f6n g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve te\u015fvik etmi\u015fti.Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 hep kitaplarda okuduk, \u00c7in i\u015fkencesini bas\u0131ndan takip ettik. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan hep g\u00f6n\u00fcl yaras\u0131 oldu, Atalar yurdu Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan acaba neresiydi.Bizim u\u00e7akta Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a giderken okdu\u011fumuz ansiklopedik bilgileri sizlerle payla\u015f\u0131yorum.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan neresi ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Orta Asya’n\u0131n orta b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer alan b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n do\u011fu kesimidir. 1949 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin siyasi ve iktisadi kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bir orta\u00e7a\u011f Uygur el yazmas\u0131nda “Uygurlar\u0131n \u00dclkesi” anlam\u0131na gelen, “Uygur Eli” terimi bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkistan, bat\u0131da Hazar Denizi\u2019nden, do\u011fuda Altay ve Alt\u0131n Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019na; g\u00fcneyde Horasan, Karakurum Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan, kuzeyde Ural Da\u011flar\u0131 ile Sibirya\u2019ya kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan; T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusunda ve Asya k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n tam ortas\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcneyde Pakistan, Hindistan, Ke\u015fmir ve Tibet, g\u00fcneybat\u0131 ve bat\u0131da Afganistan ve Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkistan, kuzeyde Sibirya ve nihayet do\u011fu ve kuzeydo\u011fuda \u00c7in ve Mo\u011folistan ile s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu’da \u00c7in ve Mo\u011folistan, kuzeyde Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkistan, bat\u0131da Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkistan ile Afganistan, g\u00fcneyde Ke\u015fmir ve Tibet ile \u00e7evrilmektedir. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Karakoram, Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131, Tarbagatay ve Altay s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131 ve Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc ile kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgede b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde 50 milyon Uygur, bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fan insanlar ya\u015far.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 1,65 Milyon km2 alan\u0131 kapsar, \u00f6nceleri resmi kaynaklara g\u00f6re 1,82 milyon km2 alan\u0131 kapsard\u0131. G\u00fcneydeki Kunlun Da\u011flar\u0131, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ile Tibet aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r, ve kuzeydeki 400 kilometre uzun Altay Da\u011flar\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ile d\u0131\u015f Mo\u011folistan, Rusya ve Kazakistan aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r olu\u015fturur. Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131 1700 kilometre uzunlukta ve 250-300 kilometre geni\u015flikte, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da, g\u00fcneyden kuzeye do\u011fru uzan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7ok zengin bir tarihe sahip ve g\u00f6rkemli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, y\u00fcksek da\u011flarla, \u00e7ok iyi ve ilgin\u00e7 \u00e7\u00f6llerle, g\u00fczel otlaklar ve ormanlarla kapl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’n\u0131n deniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan uzak kalmas\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek da\u011flarla \u00e7evirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur. Bu y\u00fczden de kurak bir iklime sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede, Uygurlar\u0131n Tushuk tash dedikleri Ka\u015fgarda yer alan Tushuk Tash g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gereken nadir g\u00fczellikteki yerlerden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6lgeye ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Cungarya Havzas\u0131, bozk\u0131r iklimli al\u00e7ak aland\u0131r. Urum\u00e7i, Gulca ve Karamay bu b\u00f6lgededir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131, da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgedir. En y\u00fcksek tepesi Han Tanr\u0131 tepesidir (7.300 metre). Turfan Havzas\u0131 da bu b\u00f6lgede yer almaktad\u0131r. Yanan Da\u011flar, Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n silsilesinde \u00e7orak bir, a\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kumta\u015fl\u0131 tepelerdir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131, Tar\u0131m Irma\u011f\u0131ndan ad\u0131n\u0131 alan y\u00fcksek da\u011flarla \u00e7evilmi\u015f \u00e7ukurdur. En al\u00e7ak yeri deniz y\u00fczeyinden 800 metre y\u00fcksektedir. Bu b\u00f6lgenin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131s\u0131m\u0131 Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc ile kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Tar\u0131m Nehri ile bir kolu olan Ka\u015fgar Derya, Yarkent Derya, Hotan Derya ve Aksu ile birlikte \u00c7er\u00e7en Derya, Karaburan G\u00f6l\u00fc’ne d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Tar\u0131m Nehri’nin di\u011fer kolu Kuruk Derya ise Lob \u00c7ukuruna gider.Yerle\u015fim yerleri akarsular boyunca uzanan Ka\u015fgar, Yarkent, Hotan, Aksu, U\u00e7turfan, Kumul, Altay, Gulca ve Turfan vahalar\u0131nda geli\u015fmi\u015fti.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
12 Kas\u0131m 1933 tarihinde ilan edilen Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130sl\u00e2m Cumhuriyeti, 6 \u015eubat, 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ma Chnagying ordusu Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130sl\u00e2m Cumhuriyeti ordusunu imha etmi\u015f ve yeni kurulan Cumhuriyeti y\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
12 Kas\u0131m, 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda tekrar olu\u015fan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti be\u015f y\u0131l sonra 20 Ekim, 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda tekrar y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Aral\u0131k 1949’da \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu b\u00f6lgeye girerek konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti’ne ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan halk\u0131 da o zamandan beri \u00c7in i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 direnmeye devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye dokuzy\u00fcz’den fazla Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’l\u0131 ilticac\u0131y\u0131 Ka\u015fmir ve Pakistan’dan kabul etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan a gitme hayalim ger\u00e7ek oldu<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a gitmek bizim i\u00e7in sadece hayaldi. Hayallerimiz nihayet ger\u00e7ek oldu. Bir grup dostun organize etti\u011fi \u00f6zel Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan co\u011frafyas\u0131 ve \u0130pek Yolu turuna bizleri de davet ettiler. 27 A\u011fustos 2012 gece saat 01.00\u2019de \u00c7in Havayollar\u0131na ait u\u00e7akla \u0130stanbul\u2019dan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye u\u00e7tuk. 27 a\u011fustos g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6\u011fle saatlerinde Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye indik. Ve T\u00fcrkiye ile \u00c7in aras\u0131ndaki zaman fark\u0131 ortalama 6 saat. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den \u00c7in 6 saat ilerde. T\u00fcrkiye ile \u00c7in aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7u\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 saat. Hi\u00e7 durmadan 10 saat u\u00e7ak yolculu\u011fu yapmak hem s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 hem de biraz \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc ve korkutucu. Ama yolculuk, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet co\u011frafyam\u0131z, g\u00f6n\u00fcller diyar\u0131m\u0131z Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a olunca v\u0131z geliyor. 10 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ve \u00c7in gezimizin ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131 sizlerle \u00f6zetle payla\u015fmak istiyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Urum\u00e7i\u2019den Turfan\u2019a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7in Havayollar\u0131n\u0131n CZ 680 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130stanbul – Urum\u00e7i tarifeli direk seferi ile 27 a\u011fustos 2012 g\u00fcn\u00fc 01: 45\u2019de Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye hareket ettik. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn 13: 00\u2019te Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye var\u0131\u015fta kar\u015f\u0131lamay\u0131 takiben; yerel rehberimiz taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131k ve \u00f6zel arac\u0131m\u0131zla 3 saat s\u00fcrecek TURFAN yolculu\u011funa ba\u015flad\u0131k ve geceyi Turfan\u2019da ge\u00e7irdik. Urum\u00e7i ile Turfan aras\u0131nda mesafe yakla\u015f\u0131k 180 kilometre. Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 seyrederek \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndan Turfan\u2019a geldik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tarihler 28 A\u011fustos 2012, sabah kahvalt\u0131y\u0131 takiben, g\u00fcne Turfan turumuzla devam ettik. Kariz yer alt\u0131 su sisteminin belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini \u00e7ektik. Turfan\u2019da emin minaresi olarak bildirilen Emin Camii\u2019ni ziyaret ettik. Uygur T\u00fcrklerinin ilk yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, 2000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce kurduklar\u0131 \u015fehir kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk tarihini yeniden ya\u015fad\u0131k. Turfan\u2019\u0131n asma bah\u00e7elerinden doya doya \u00fcz\u00fcm yedik. Turfan\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce Uygur mutfa\u011f\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00f6\u011fle yeme\u011fi az\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ald\u0131k, ard\u0131ndan Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye do\u011fru yolculu\u011fumuz ba\u015flad\u0131.Var\u0131\u015f\u0131 takiben, panoramik Urum\u00e7i \u015fehir turunda, Urum\u00e7i B\u00fcy\u00fck Cami ve \u015eanhi Cami\u2019lerini gezip, Tayyip Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n namaz k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Urum\u00e7i Camii\u2019nde biz de namaz k\u0131larak Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n buzlar\u0131yla yap\u0131lan Uygur ayran\u0131ndan i\u00e7ip yorgunluk att\u0131k. Urum\u00e7i Kulesi\u2019nden Uygur \u015fehrini doya doya seyredip \u0130pek Yolu kervan\u0131n\u0131n Urum\u00e7i\u2019de u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihi Kapal\u0131 \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 da Uygur T\u00fcrkleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp sohbet ettik. K\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihimizin muhte\u015fem ge\u00e7mi\u015fini doya doya gezip Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan tarihini ya\u015fayarak Urum\u00e7i Oteli\u2019nde konaklad\u0131k.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\n- Turfan, (Uygurca:, Turpan \u015fehiri, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da tarihi bir vaha \u015fehridir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Bat\u0131s\u0131nda Toksun \u0130l\u00e7esi, kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda Urum\u00e7i \u015fehri, kuzeyinde Jimisar \u0130l\u00e7esi ve Gu\u00e7ung \u0130l\u00e7esi, do\u011fusunda Pi\u00e7an \u0130l\u00e7esi, g\u00fcneyinde Lopnur \u0130l\u00e7esi ile s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Turfan \u015fehri, iki mahalle komitesi, iki kasaba yedi k\u0131rsal belde ve \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6zel k\u0131rsal belde gibi yerle\u015fim birimlerinden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Turfan \u015fehri Turfan Havzas\u0131’n\u0131n kuzey kenar\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f, havzan\u0131n en \u00e7ukur yerinde Ayding G\u00f6l\u00fc, deniz seviyesinden 154 metre derinlikte olan b\u00f6lgede bulunur. B\u00f6ylece Turfan d\u00fcnya’da Lut G\u00f6l\u00fc’nden sonra ikinci \u00e7ukur olan havzas\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en s\u0131cak yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinden birisidir. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu bir b\u00f6lgede kurulmu\u015f olan Turfan, “Alev vahas\u0131” olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00dcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131 ile kapl\u0131 mermer yollar\u0131 ile b\u00fct\u00fcn kavlaklar birbirine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halk\u0131 misafir perverdirlerdir. Turfan \u00e7ok eskiden beri \u00e7ok verimli bir vaha ,Karez denilen kanal suyu ile beslenen ve \u00f6nemli bir ticaret merkezidir. Karez Turfan’da ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir bulu\u015fudur. Karez yerel Uygur dilinde “kaynak” anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r.Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131ndan eriyen kar sular\u0131, Karez denilen yer alt\u0131 su kanallar\u0131 ile Turfan Havzas\u0131’n\u0131 besler. Turfan’dan ortalama otuz kilometre g\u00fcneydo\u011fusundaki G\u00fclbah k\u00f6y\u00fcnde Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n en tatl\u0131 Kavun’u burada yeti\u015fir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tarihsel olarak \u0130pek Yolu’nun kuzey g\u00fczergah\u0131nda, o zamanlarda Turfan’n\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda Korla ve Karashahr Krall\u0131klar\u0131 ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda da Karahoca (Gaochang) Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunurdu.Turfan’\u0131n 10 km. bat\u0131s\u0131nda Yamaz vadisinde milattan \u00f6nce 108 – 450 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde eski krall\u0131klara ba\u015fkentlik yapm\u0131\u015f tarihi Yar\u011fol harabeleri bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Karahoca Uygur Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131’na (866 – 1209) Turfan k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda, Be\u015fbal\u0131k ise yaz aylar\u0131nda ba\u015fkentlik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu \u015fehir de di\u011fer Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u015fehirleri gibi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 miktarda Han \u00c7in’lilerin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcne maruz kal\u0131p, Uygurlar az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Turfan (\u015fehir)’de ya\u015fayan 2000 y\u0131l\u0131 say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re Uluslar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Urum\u00e7i\u2019 den Hotan a k\u00fclt\u00fcr yolculu\u011fu<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Urum\u00e7i, \u00c7in\u2019in kuzeydo\u011fusunda yer alan, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ad\u0131yla da bilinen, Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti. 2,5 milyon n\u00fcfuslu bir \u015fehir olup 10.989 km\u00b2\u00b4lik bir alan kapl\u0131yor. Man\u00e7u \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan istilas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011finde \u015fehre \u00c7ince (Dihua) ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015flerdi. 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda, daha \u00f6ncelerden Eyalet stat\u00fcs\u00fcndeki Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u00b4\u0131n, Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi olmas\u0131 ile birlikte, ba\u015fkentin ad\u0131 da tekrar \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i olmu\u015f. \u00c7in\u00b4in bat\u0131ya a\u00e7\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli g\u00fczergahlar\u0131ndan. Demiryolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir ge\u00e7ittir. 174,53 ki\u015fi\/km\u00b2 d\u00fc\u015fmekte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
29 A\u011fustos g\u00fcn\u00fc Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye veda ettik.Sabah erken kalkarak, havaliman\u0131na ge\u00e7tik.Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemli k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi Urum\u00e7i\u2019den Hotan\u2019a hareket etmek i\u00e7in geldik.U\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n penceresinden Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc, karl\u0131 Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 seyrederek \u00e7\u00f6l ortas\u0131ndaki Hotan\u2019a geldik. Havaliman\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131lanmay\u0131 takiben, yerel rehberimizin e\u015fli\u011finde, \u00f6zel bir organizasyon ile, Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne yolculuk ba\u015flad\u0131. Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde deve safarisi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek \u0130pek Yolu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc doya doya ya\u015fad\u0131k. Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde t\u0131pk\u0131 atalar\u0131m\u0131z gibi deve s\u0131rt\u0131nda gezerek tarihi \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nda yolculuk yapt\u0131k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc, Rub\u00b4ul Hali\u00b4den sonra d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 2. b\u00fcy\u00fck ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7in\u00b4deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck kum \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcd\u00fcr.Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc Sincan eyaletinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7te ikisini kaplar. Alan\u0131 ortalama 300.000 kilometrekaredir. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 100 metre kumla kapl\u0131d\u0131r, hatta baz\u0131 beyanlarda 300 metreyi buldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ndeki deve turumuzu tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra tekrar Hotan\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fcp, tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131ndan gelen Ye\u015fim Irma\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131 arayan Uygurlarla sohbet edip biz de ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131 arad\u0131k. Ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131 \u00c7inliler i\u00e7in de \u00e7ok k\u0131ymetli.\u00c7oluk \u00e7ocuk herkes ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131 ar\u0131yor.Hotan \u015eehri\u2019nin muhte\u015fem gece manzaras\u0131n\u0131 doya doya seyrederek Hotan\u2019da Uygur T\u00fcrkleriyle birlikte \u00fcz\u00fcm asmas\u0131 alt\u0131nda oturup hem \u015fi\u015f kebap yedik, hem de Hotan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fczelliklerini ve \u0130pek Yolu\u00b4nu konu\u015ftuk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hotan\u2019 da K\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihimizin izlerini ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ortas\u0131nda adeta ye\u015fillikler i\u00e7erisinde bir tabloyu and\u0131ran Hotan, \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fczergah\u0131.T\u00fcrkler buraya 632 y\u0131l\u0131nda gelmi\u015flerdi.Ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ye\u015fim \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 ve Taklamakan \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc ile dikkat \u00e7eken Hotan, Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin vezirlerinden Cemalettin Hotani\u2019nin memleketi. Hotan\u2019a veda ederek Yarkent\u2019e gidece\u011fiz.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nHotan\u2019da ki kahvalt\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 Uygur T\u00fcrkleri\u2019nin i\u015fletti\u011fi bir Uygur otelinin restoran\u0131nda yap\u0131yoruz. Geleneksel k\u0131yafetleri ile Uygur k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131zarm\u0131\u015f ekmek, mant\u0131, yumurta, omlet ve G\u00f6k \u00c7ay\u2019dan olu\u015fan kahvalt\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan Uygur k\u0131zlar\u0131yla, Uygur mutfa\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine s\u00f6yle\u015fi yap\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ye\u015fim Ta\u015f\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Hotan<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7in’e ba\u011fl\u0131 Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi’nin g\u00fcney bat\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130pek Yolu’nun Taklamakan g\u00fcney g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 \u00fczerinde yer alan tarihi bir vaha \u015fehridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hotan \u015fehri, d\u00f6rt mahalle komitesi), bir kasaba, \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131rsal belde ve bir \u00f6zel k\u0131rsal belde gibi yerle\u015fim birimlerinden olu\u015fur.Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, T\u00fcrk Dili’nin en eski ve de\u011ferli s\u00f6zl\u00fcklerinden Div\u00e2n-\u0131 L\u00fcgati’t-T\u00fcrk’te;<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cUdun\u201d \u201cXotan\u201d \u015fehrinin ad\u0131. Xotanda oturanlara da udun derler.Ve \u201cKa\u015f \u00f6k\u00fcz\u201d \u201cXotan \u015fehrinin iki yan\u0131ndan akan iki deredir.\u201d gibi bilgiler verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hotan Eski \u00c7a\u011f’da Budist k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc Orta Asya’ya ba\u011flayan \u00f6nemli bir merkezdi. \u00c7inliler tarih boyunca buraya b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem vermi\u015fler ve kutsal kabul ettikleri ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131 sebebiyle Hotan’da ya\u015fayan halk ile iyi ge\u00e7inmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hotan’\u0131n 8,5 km bat\u0131s\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda manast\u0131r kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ve ke\u015fi\u015f h\u00fccreleri ile birlikte Budizmle ilgili Sanskrit\u00e7e belgeler bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri Miladi 632 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hotan\u0131 ald\u0131lar ve Hotan beyinin 649 y\u0131l\u0131nda lakab\u0131 yab\u011fu idi. 641 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6nce Hotan \u015fehri yan\u0131nda “Ts’io-mo” da Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrklerinin bir valisi vard\u0131 ve 646 y\u0131l\u0131nda “She-K\u00fcei” Ka\u011fan Hotan’a sahip oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
658 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7inliler Hotan\u0131 geri ald\u0131lar, 659 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Tu-man Tigin geri ald\u0131.[670 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tibetliler Hotan\u0131 ald\u0131. 704 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kul \u00c7ur Hotan’da K’an \u015fehrini ald\u0131. 739 y\u0131l\u0131nda etraf\u0131nda Hotan T\u00fcrgi\u015f Ka\u011fanlar\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 idi. 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hotan T\u00fcrkistan’da say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n ad\u0131 “Al-mu’azzam a\u00ee-T\u00fcrk va al-Tubbut” (T\u00fcrklerin ve Tibetlilerin muazzam\u0131) \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130pek Yolu \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir \u015fehir olan Hotan’a B\u00fcy\u00fck Hun Devleti, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, Uygurlar, Karahanl\u0131lar, Karah\u0131taylar, Mo\u011follar, \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Timurlular Devleti hakim oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uygur Devleti zaman\u0131nda T\u00fcrkle\u015fen \u015fehir, Karahanl\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131. 10. as\u0131rda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f baz\u0131 \u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131nda Hotan’la ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler mevcuttur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da 1514 ile 1680 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Alt\u0131\u015fehir (Alt\u0131shahr) olarak bilinen Hotan, Yarkent, Yengihisar, Ka\u015fgar, Aksu, ve U\u00e7turfan gibi \u015fehirleri i\u00e7ine alan b\u00f6lgede Yarkand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, (mamlakati Yarkand, mamlakati Moghuliya, mamlakati Saidiya) egemenlik s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hotan 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7inliler ile Uygur T\u00fcrklerinin m\u00fccadelelerine sahne oldu. 1877’de Yakup Bey’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u015fehir \u00c7in idaresine ge\u00e7ti. Bu tarihten sonra \u00c7in idaresine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok say\u0131da isyan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan T\u00fcrkleri, Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra liderli\u011finde 1933’te Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130slam Cumhuriyetini kurdu. Hotan \u015fehri de ayn\u0131 y\u0131l bu devlete kat\u0131ld\u0131. 1949’da \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra tekrar \u00c7in idaresine giren \u015fehir 1955’te yeni kurulan Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesine dahil edildi. Bu tarihte sonra da \u00c7in idaresine kar\u015f\u0131 birka\u00e7 isyan meydana geldi. Bu isyanlar\u0131n tamam\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hotan ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7ok say\u0131da alimi ile me\u015fhur bir \u015fehirdir. Hoteni olarak tan\u0131nan bu alimlerden biri olan Kad\u0131 Cemaleddin el Hotani Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu sultan\u0131 IV. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan zaman\u0131nda vezirlik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00f6lgenin en eski ve en \u00f6nemli ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 ipek\u00e7iliktir. B\u00f6lgede meyve, \u00fcz\u00fcm, pamuk, bu\u011fday, m\u0131s\u0131r ve pirin\u00e7 \u00fcretimi yayg\u0131nd\u0131r, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k da geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hotan, ayr\u0131ca tarih boyunca ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki zenginli\u011fi yerli halk\u0131n Yorungkax He ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi kurumu\u015f olan bir nehir yata\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131ndan gelir. Daoism (Taoism) dininin en y\u00fcksek tanr\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olan Ye\u015fimimparator’un ismidir. \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131 takman\u0131n iyi \u015fans getirece\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca antik \u00e7a\u011flarda ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6brek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirici g\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n di\u015f \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcklerine ve a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131na iyi geldi\u011fine de inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eehirde metal ve de\u011ferli ta\u015f i\u015flemecili\u011fi geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hotan hal\u0131lar\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n dokundu\u011fu yerde belgesel \u00e7ekiyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hotan\u2019a veda etmeden \u00fcnl\u00fc hal\u0131lar\u0131n dokundu\u011fu tarihi hal\u0131 at\u00f6lyesine gidiyoruz. \u0130pek Yolu g\u00fczergah\u0131ndaki Hotan, desen desen rengarenk hal\u0131lar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc. Hotan\u2019da hal\u0131 ticareti de yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ye\u015fim nehri kenar\u0131ndaki ye\u015fillikler i\u00e7erisindeki hal\u0131 at\u00f6lyesinde dokunan hal\u0131lar g\u00f6z ve g\u00f6n\u00fcl ziyafeti sunuyor. Genci ile ya\u015fl\u0131s\u0131 ile Hotanl\u0131 han\u0131mlar rengarenk hal\u0131 dokuyorlar. Rehberimiz Hotan hal\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi verirken \u201cG\u00f6kte ne kadar renkli bulut varsa Hotan\u2019da o kadar renkli hal\u0131 dokunur. \u201cC\u00fcmlesi Hotan Hal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermekte. Hal\u0131 at\u00f6lyesinde hal\u0131 at\u00f6lyesinde Uygurca s\u00f6yle\u015fi yay\u0131p hal\u0131 desenleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi al\u0131yoruz. Hotanl\u0131 hal\u0131 dokuyan k\u0131zlar kameram\u0131za g\u00fcl\u00fcmserken Hotanl\u0131 han\u0131mlar\u0131n zarafetinin de yans\u0131t\u0131yorlard\u0131. Y\u00fcn ve ipek Hotan hal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ma\u011fazay\u0131 da gezerek Hotan m\u00fczi\u011finin 12 makam\u0131n\u0131n ipek hal\u0131ya ilmik ilmik i\u015flenen hal\u0131n\u0131n da belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini \u00e7ekiyoruz.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n30 A\u011fustos 2012 g\u00fcn\u00fc Yarkent \u00fczerinden Ka\u015fgar\u2019a gidece\u011fiz. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6llerde ge\u00e7ecek toplam 500 km yol kat edece\u011fiz. \u00c7in devleti b\u00f6lgeye \u00e7ok ciddi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yap\u0131yor. Urum\u00e7i-Ka\u015fgar aras\u0131na 1500 km uzunlu\u011funda \u00e7ok kaliteli bir otoyol yapm\u0131\u015f. Hotan-Ka\u015fgar aras\u0131na ise 500 km demiryolu d\u00f6\u015femi\u015f. \u00c7in\u2019in buraya hizmetleri sadece bunlarla ibaret de\u011fil. T\u00fcm Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u015fehirleri yeni binalarla in\u015fa ediliyor. Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc tar\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u00f6l her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn kavak a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131yla ye\u015fillendirilip, ba\u011f ve bah\u00e7eler kuruluyor. B\u00f6lgeye tarlalar yap\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fcn \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l ye\u015fillendirildi\u011fini, nas\u0131l a\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yol \u00fczerinden \u00e7ok rahatl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Otoyolun sa\u011f ve sol taraf\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck su kanallar\u0131yla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u00f6l ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru su borular\u0131 \u00e7ekilerek a\u011fa\u00e7lar dikilmi\u015f. \u00c7in\u2019in Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc ile ilgili \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck projesinin oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011freniyoruz. Denize akan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0131rmaklar\u0131 \u00c7in devleti t\u00fcnellerle Taklamakan \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcne getirmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00fcneller yap\u0131yor. Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn t\u00fcm\u00fcyle tar\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131ran \u00c7in devleti, b\u00f6lgenin Uygurlar lehine olan demokratik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in 600 bin \u00c7inli aileyi bu b\u00f6lgeye getirmeyi planl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc, Rub’ ul-Hali’den sonra d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7in’deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck Kum \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00d6naasya’dan kuzeybat\u0131 \u00c7in’in Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi’nden Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinden 218 numaral\u0131 Anayola kadar uzan\u0131r. Bu anayolun do\u011fusunda Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131n\u0131n en derin yeri olan Lop Nur \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc bulunur. \u00d6nceleri Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc ve Lop Nur \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc Tar\u0131m Nehri, Kon\u00e7e Derya (Konqi He) und \u00c7er\u00e7en Derya (Qarqan He) nehirleri ile ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131, fakat Tikenlik’in g\u00fcneyi son on y\u0131ldan beri kurudu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Geni\u015fli\u011fi bat\u0131dan do\u011fuya 1000 kilometre, kuzeyden de g\u00fcneye 400 kilometre olan Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc, 324 bin kilometrekarelik alan\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.Xinjiang Sosyal Bilimler Akademisi’nden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Qian Boquen, takli kelimesinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’deki kavak anlam\u0131na gelen tohlak veya tohrak kelimelerinden, ma hecesinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ifade etti\u011fi, kan hecesinin de eski Fars\u00e7a’daki \u00fclke, kent veya k\u00f6y demek olan kand s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden geldi\u011fini, bu nedenle Taklamakan’\u0131n kavak \u00fclkesi demek oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc dile getirmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131\u015f 30 mm alt\u0131nda olan b\u00f6lgeler \u00c7\u00f6l say\u0131l\u0131r ayn\u0131 zamanda kurak’t\u0131r. Bu \u00e7ok kurak olan iklim, iki nedenden olu\u015fur. Birincisi Taklamakan y\u00fcksek s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n ya\u011fmur g\u00f6lgesindedir. \u0130kincisi Taklamakan Karasal iklim ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda olu\u015fudur. Denizlerden gelen Hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131 daha Anaasya’ya ula\u015fmadan nemini kaybeder, b\u00f6ylece y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Y\u00fcksek s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n eteklerinde bir \u00e7ok vaha’larda zengin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc vard\u0131r. Kunlun Shan ve Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131’ndan eriyip gelen kar sular\u0131 Tar\u0131m Nehri’ni ve di\u011fer \u0131rmak ve dereleri besler, Tar\u0131m nehri boyunca Kavak ,S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct Yalanc\u0131 i\u011fde.ve \u00e7ok s\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131l\u0131k kendir ve kenevir gibi bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc vard\u0131r. Tar\u0131m vadisinde ince bir Kavak ormanlar\u0131 yeti\u015fir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc Sincan Eyaletinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7te ikisini kaplar. Alan\u0131 ortalama 300.000 km\u00b2 olup b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 100 metre kumul’la kapl\u0131d\u0131r, baz\u0131 beyanlarda hatta 300 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ba\u015fl\u0131ca vaha \u015fehirleri, ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan da\u011flardan gelen sulardan beslenen, g\u00fcneyde Ka\u015fgar, Miran , ve Hotan , kuzeyinde Ku\u00e7ar \u0130l\u00e7esi ve Turfan, do\u011fudaki Loulan ve Dunhuang’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Taklamakan Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi’n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 deprem tehditi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7\u00f6l’de Tuz g\u00f6lleri vard\u0131r. Bir ka\u00e7 metre derinlikte b\u00fcy\u00fck tabansuyu tabakas\u0131 bulunur, tahminen etraf\u0131ndaki S\u0131rada\u011flardan eriyen kar sular\u0131ndan birikmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc’ndeki petrol kaynaklar\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin petrol rezervleri aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan illerinde ki gezimiz s\u00fcrerken en \u00e7ok dikkatimi g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemleri \u00e7ekiyor. bir \u00e7ok polis noktas\u0131nda \u00e7ok ciddi g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemleri al\u0131narak, ara\u00e7lar tek tek kontrol ediliyor. Otoyolun de\u011fi\u015fik noktalar\u0131na bir \u00e7ok kamera yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f. Kameralar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri, bir \u00e7ok noktaya servis yap\u0131larak tek tek inceleniyor. G\u00fcvenlik, \u00e7ok ileri boyutta. Otoyoldan ge\u00e7en ara\u00e7lar, hatta i\u00e7indekiler bile takip edilebiliyor.\n\n B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehirlerin giri\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda polis kontrol noktalar\u0131nda t\u00fcm ara\u00e7lar ve i\u00e7indeki bagajlar dahi tek tek kontrole tabi tutuluyor. Hotan-Yarkent aras\u0131nda ki polis kontrol noktas\u0131nda ki g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm manzara beni cidden \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Kontrol, tam anlam\u0131yla bir i\u015fkenceye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f. G\u00fcne\u015fin alt\u0131nda saatlerce bekleyen kad\u0131n, erkek, \u00e7oluk, \u00e7ocuk bekliyor ve tuvalet bile yok. \u0130nsanlar ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6lde insanlar\u0131n g\u00f6zleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde yap\u0131yorlar.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nDo\u011fut\u00fcrkistan tarihinde Hotan ve Yarkent<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hotan ile Yarkent aras\u0131nda u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z \u00e7\u00f6llerde yolumuza devam ediyoruz.Yollar uzad\u0131k\u00e7a uzuyor. Bulundu\u011fumuz bu co\u011frafya k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet tarihimiz i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli izler ta\u015f\u0131yor. Taklamakan \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc, Hotan ve Yarkent T\u00fcrk \u0130slam tarihinin yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafya.\u00d6zellikle Hotan ve Yarkent\u2019e (Alt\u0131 \u015fehir) Alt\u0131shahr de deniyordu.Yarkent Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi \u00e7ok iyi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken d\u00f6nem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u00b4da 1514 ile 1680 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Alt\u0131\u015fehir (Alt\u0131shahr) olarak bilinen; Hotan, Yarkent, Yengihisar, Ka\u015fgar, Aksu, ve U\u00e7turfan gibi \u015fehirleri i\u00e7ine alan b\u00f6lgede Yarkand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, (Mamlakati Yarkand, memleketi Moghuliya, memleketi Saidiya) hakim olarak k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihimize hizmet etmi\u015fti. Bu duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerle Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc ile Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgede yolumuz devem ederken Gerek Hotan ve gerekse Yarkant ile ilgili inceledi\u011fim Ansiklopedik bilgilerin \u00f6zetini siz de\u011ferli okurlar\u0131mla payla\u015f\u0131yorum.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nHanlar kenti Yarkent;<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarkent \u0130l\u00e7esi (Uygurca: Yeken Nahiyisi, Yerkent, Y\u0259rk\u0259nt; eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e: Y\u00e9rkent, deniz\u00b4den y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 1189 metre y\u00fcksekte konumlanan \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u00b4nde Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesinde bir nahiye d\u00fczeyine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir \u015fehirdir.
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u00b4n\u0131n Ka\u015fgar\u00b4dan sonra ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehridir.Yarkent, birbirine \u00e7ok uzak mahallelerden kurulmu\u015f bir vaha \u015fehridir. Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u00b4n\u00fcn bat\u0131 ucundad\u0131r.Tar\u0131m Nehri\u00b4nin bir kolu olan Yarkent Nehri \u015fehirden ge\u00e7er.
Yarkent\u2019in Kasaba ve k\u00f6yler
Yarkent \u0130l\u00e7esi, yedi kasaba , yirmi iki k\u0131rsal belde ve bir \u00f6zel k\u0131rsal belde gibi yerle\u015fim birimlerinden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarkent\u2019in k\u0131saca Tarihi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarkent muhtemelen T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yar (Yar, sular\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 u\u00e7urum. ile kend (\u015fehir; kale veya do\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde her \u015fehre verilen bir add\u0131r.) birle\u015fmesinden elde edilmi\u015f olabilir.
2000 y\u0131ldan fazla bir tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olan Yarkent, eski \u00e7a\u011flarda Yarkent, Qusha ve Yerqiang gibi krall\u0131klara ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
502 – 550 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Hunlar, 552 – 648 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, 648 – 649 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Tang Hanedan\u0131 zaman\u0131nda \u00c7inliler, tekrar 659 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren 744 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, 790 ve 791 – tahminen 842 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Tibetler ve 1006 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Karahanl\u0131lar 1032 – 1210 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Do\u011fu Karahanl\u0131lar, Do\u011fu Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131 Karahitaylar y\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra Karahitaylar, daha sonra; \u00f6nce 1227 – 1370 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha sonra 1370 – 1514 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Do\u011fu \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgede egemenlik s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Karahanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde Yarkent<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Karahanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde, \"I. Yusuf Kadir Han Gazi ve Hasan Bu\u011fra Han Gazi Yarkend kentine geldiler ve burada ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Onlar insanlar\u0131 \u0130slam dinine inand\u0131rd\u0131lar. Onlar, s\u00f6zle ve a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a iman ederek M\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldular. \u0130nsanlar paralar\u0131n\u0131 ve mallar\u0131n\u0131, m\u00fclklerini, ya\u015fam ve bedenlerini vermeyi teklif ettiler. Onlar fakir olanlara tamam\u0131n\u0131 verdiler..<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nYarkand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u00b4da 1514 ile 1680 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Alt\u0131\u015fehir (Alt\u0131shahr) olarak bilinen Hotan, Yarkent, Yengihisar, Ka\u015fgar, Aksu, ve U\u00e7turfan gibi \u015fehirleri i\u00e7ine alan b\u00f6lgede Yarkand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, (mamlakati Yarkand, mamlakati Moghuliya, mamlakati Saidiya) egemenlik s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yarkand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Seidiye Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131) zaman\u0131nda \u00f6nce tarihi Ka\u015fgar daha sonra da Yarkent \u015fehri ba\u015fkentlik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Abd\u00fclkerim Han\u2019\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7en o\u011fullar\u0131 Muhammet Han ile \u015eecaeddin Ahmet Han ve Abdullah Hanlara egemenlik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yarar sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle Ahmet Kazani (Mahmud-\u0131 Azam)\u00b4nin ilk han\u0131m\u0131ndan olan b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Hoca Kalan (Muhammet Emin)\u2019\u0131 Yarkent\u00b4e \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmas\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u00b4\u0131n yazg\u0131s\u0131na etki edecek olaylar\u0131n geli\u015fmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu iki karde\u015f Hocan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra o\u011fullar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7eki\u015fmeye girerek \u00fclkeye fayda yerine zarar getirmi\u015flerdir. Hoca \u0130shak Veli\u2019nin o\u011fullar\u0131 \u0130shakiyye veya Karata\u011fl\u0131k ad\u0131yla, karde\u015fi Hoca Kalan\u2019\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131 da Afakiyye veya Akta\u011fl\u0131k ad\u0131yla ayr\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri savunan iki dini grup olarak k\u0131yas\u0131ya sava\u015f\u0131ma girmeleri \u00fclkeyi yeni bir d\u00f6neme s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015ftir ki bu d\u00f6neme “Hocalar Devri” denmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Y\u00fczy\u0131l da Yarkent;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
1943 – 1956 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kendi idari yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip olan Yarkent 1956 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra nahiye seviyesine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp Ka\u015fgar \u0130line ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Merkezi Yarkent\u2019de olan Saidiye Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fcrre\u015fit Han (1563 – 1570)\u2019\u0131n giri\u015fimi, Amannisa Han\u0131m (1533 – 1567) ve \u00fcnl\u00fc m\u00fczik ustas\u0131 K\u0131d\u0131rhan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011finde halk aras\u0131ndaki makam\u00e7\u0131lar bir araya getirilmi\u015f ve Uygur Oniki Makam m\u00fczi\u011fi ve metinleri derlenip sistemle\u015ftirilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarkent\u2019de Ekonomi;<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarkent \u0130l\u00e7esinde 1300 fazla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc,b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc \u0130\u015fyerleri bulunur. Temel \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc end\u00fcstriyel pamuk iplik e\u011firmek yan\u0131nda tar\u0131m yan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de bulunur.\u00dcnl\u00fc Yarkent Pamu\u011fu, \u00c7in\u00b4deki di\u011fer pamuk aras\u0131nda \u00f6d\u00fcl alm\u0131\u015f ve en iyisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarkent\u2019den T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye G\u00f6\u00e7ler<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye Yarkent\u2019den 235 serbest g\u00f6\u00e7menleri, 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Afganistan\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir grup Uygur ilticay\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kabul ederek yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7ok say\u0131da Yarkent\u2019li Uygur ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet merkezleri olan alt\u0131 \u015fehirler olarak da k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihimizde \u00f6nemli yeri olan Hotan ve Yarkent ile ilgili ansiklopedik bilgileri bir taraftan okurken, di\u011fer taraftan otob\u00fcs\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn penceresinden muhte\u015fem Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan manzaras\u0131n\u0131 belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz. 330 km\u2019lik Hotan-Yarkent aras\u0131nda ki yorucu yolculu\u011fumuza Kargal\u0131 kasabas\u0131nda mola vererek dinleniyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kargal\u0131\u2019dan Yarkent\u2019e gidiyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan illerini bir bir gezerken, isimler bize yabanc\u0131 de\u011fil. Yarkent yollar\u0131nda ilerlerken ilk mola yerimiz Kargal\u0131\u2019da duruyoruz. Ye\u015fillikler i\u00e7inde, muhte\u015fem bir do\u011faya sahip bir Uygur restoran\u0131nda yeme\u011fimizi yiyoruz. Tabi bu s\u0131rada hemen etraf\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 Uygur T\u00fcrkleri \u00e7eviriyor. \u00c7oluk, \u00e7ocuk, kad\u0131n, erkek, genci ya\u015fl\u0131s\u0131, at arabalar\u0131 etraf\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 sararak yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda toplan\u0131yor. G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz manzara bize Anadoluyu hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor.
Biz yeme\u011fimizi yerken ilgin\u00e7 bir olayla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz. Yoksul bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Uygur \u00e7ocu\u011fu Muz almak i\u00e7in babas\u0131ndan para istiyor, ancak babas\u0131 paras\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 o\u011fluna muz alam\u0131yor. Bu s\u0131rada heyetimizden bir arkada\u015f\u0131m\u0131z para vererek \u00e7ocu\u011funu muz almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Bu s\u0131rada etraf\u0131m\u0131za polis geliyor. Ancak ne bir m\u00fcdahalede bulunuyor, ne de bir \u015fey s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Uygur restoran\u0131nda yeme\u011fimizi yiyerek tekrar Yarkent\u2019e do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarkent\u2019 da belgesel \u00e7ekiyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarkent ad\u0131n\u0131 Yar\u2019dan al\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle de Yarkent ismi, sular\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kovuktan gelir. Ama ne olursa olsun, Biz Yar\u2019\u0131 sevgiliden, Yar\u2019dan biliriz. Yar \u00fczerine bir \u00e7ok t\u00fcrk\u00fc yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ismini Yar\u2019dan alan bir \u00e7ok \u015fiir yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Yarkent\u2019te ilk dura\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, Uygur Tarihi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan Amen Nisan han\u0131m\u0131n t\u00fcrbesi. Amen nisan Uygurlu bir T\u00fcrk biyenin han\u0131m\u0131. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel tarihimize de \u00f6nemli eserler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f bir isimdir.Yarkent\u2019te bulunan t\u00fcrbesi adeta ziyaret\u00e7i ak\u0131n\u0131na u\u011fruyor.Uygurlu T\u00fcrkler ona b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem veriyor.Biz de Uygurlu T\u00fcrkler ve kad\u0131nlarla birlikte bir Fatiha okuyoruz.
T\u00fcrbe muhte\u015fem bir mimariyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. \u00c7e\u015fitli motiflerle i\u015flenmi\u015f. Ard\u0131ndan bur Uygur mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na gidiyoruz. Uygur mimarisiyle yap\u0131lan mezarl\u0131klar muhte\u015fem bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc sergiliyor. Uygur T\u00fcrkleri mezarlar\u0131n\u0131 ah\u015faptan, be\u015fik \u015feklinde yap\u0131yorlar. Burada ilk olarak Han Sultan\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcrbesini ziyaret ediyor. T\u00fcrbe d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan bak\u0131l\u0131nca muhte\u015fem bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc sergiliyor. Ah\u015faptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bu t\u00fcrbenin i\u00e7inde bulunan sanduka \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7e\u015fit desen ve motiflerle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f. Di\u011fer birka\u00e7 t\u00fcrbe ise eskimi\u015f.Mezarlar\u0131n\u0131 be\u015fik \u015feklinde yapan Uygurlar asl\u0131nda bu \u015fekilde inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131yor. Bunun anlam\u0131 do\u011farken insanlar be\u015fi\u011fe konur, \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra da be\u015fi\u011fe koyulur gibi koyulmal\u0131lar manas\u0131nda. Muhte\u015fem motifler ve sandukalar aras\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler e\u015fli\u011finde mezarl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yoruz.
Muhte\u015fem motifler i\u00e7inde g\u00f6z ve g\u00f6n\u00fcl ziyafeti sunan Yarkent Camii\u2019ne gidiyoruz. Cami bizleri mest ederken, muhte\u015fem \u00fcz\u00fcm asmalar\u0131 ve ye\u015fillikler g\u00f6nl\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn pas\u0131n\u0131 silerken, camide ki motifler adeta nak\u0131\u015f nak\u0131\u015f i\u015flenmi\u015f. Minare ve caminin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 be\u011fenimizi kazan\u0131rken, camini i\u00e7inde ki \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7e\u015fit ve renk renk desenler Uygular\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyini bizlere g\u00f6steriyor. Bol bol foto\u011fraf \u00e7ekerek gezimizi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarkent tarihi Hazar\u2019day\u0131z<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarkent\u2019te bulunan tarihi \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 ve pazara giriyoruz. Bizleri Anadoluyu an\u0131msatan bu pazarda akl\u0131n\u0131za gelebilecek hemen hemen her \u015fey sat\u0131l\u0131yor. Be\u015fikten, ah\u015fap i\u015flemeye, sazdan akl\u0131n\u0131za gelebilecek her \u015feyi bulabilece\u011finiz bu Pazar ge\u00e7mi\u015fin \u0130pek Yolu gelene\u011fini yans\u0131t\u0131yor. Burada bir Uygur saz \u00fcstad\u0131na konuk oluyoruz. Bu saz ustas\u0131 burada saz ve kopuz satarken, bizlere de s\u00f6yledi\u011fi t\u00fcrk\u00fclerle muhte\u015fem bir g\u00f6n\u00fcl ziyafeti sunuyor. Ard\u0131ndan \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131y\u0131 boydan boya gezmeye devam ediyoruz.
Yarkent\u2019te ki son foto\u011fraf karemiz ise ilgin\u00e7 bir enstantaneyle oluyor. Pazarda foto\u011fraf \u00e7ekerken bir Uygur han\u0131mefendi ve bir Uygur beyi objektiflerimize g\u00fcl\u00fcmseyerek el sall\u0131yor ve bizlerin g\u00f6n\u00fcllerimizi fethediyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarkent\u2019den Ka\u015fgar\u2019a gidiyoruz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir zamanlar Yarkent hanlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihimizin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 Yarkent\u2019e veda etme vakti.Yarkent\u2019e veda etmeden, yarkent hanlar\u0131ndan Sultan Seyda Han, Abdurra\u015fit Han, Aman Nisan han\u0131m gibi Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan tarihinde iz b\u0131rakan \u015fahsiyetlerin ruhuna Fatiha okuyarak Ka\u015fgar\u2019a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yoruz.
Yarkent-Ka\u015fgar aras\u0131 220 km. b\u00f6lgeye tar\u0131m havzas\u0131 da deniliyor. Tar\u0131m \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 suyu Ka\u015fgar havzas\u0131na vererek b\u00f6lgeyi bereketlendiriyor. Ye\u015fillikler aras\u0131nda yolumuz polis kontrol noktalar\u0131nda durdurularak devam ediyor. G\u00f6revli polisler turist oldu\u011fumuzu \u00f6\u011frenince yolumuza devam izni veriyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 kasapla s\u00f6yle\u015fi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar giri\u015finde ki polis kontrol noktas\u0131nda ya\u015fl\u0131 bir Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, arabam\u0131za biniyor. \u015eof\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc Yasin beyinde akrabas\u0131ym\u0131\u015f. Kendisiyle sohbet ediyoruz. Halinden memnun g\u00f6z\u00fcken kasap, \u015fof\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00fcze \u201cbunlar devlet adam\u0131, bunlar rahat. Biz eme\u011fimizle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p kazan\u0131yoruz.\u201d Diyerek espri yap\u0131yor.
Yeni Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrinden geni\u015f caddeler ve b\u00fcy\u00fck binalar aras\u0131ndan \u015fehre giriyoruz. Tarihi Ka\u015fgar \u015fehri yava\u015f yava\u015f yok olmak \u00fczere. \u015eehrin giri\u015finde bizi k\u0131z\u0131l derya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. T\u0131pk\u0131 bizim K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak gibi Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131 ve Pamir Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n karl\u0131 suyunu tar\u0131m havzas\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yor. K\u0131z\u0131l Derya\u2019ya el sallayarak Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrine giri\u015f yap\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar meydan\u0131ndaki Mao heykeli<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar\u2019da kalaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z otele geliyoruz. Otelimiz Ka\u015fgar \u015fehir Meydan\u0131n\u0131n hemen yan\u0131nda. Otelimizin tam kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir elini Pekin\u2019e do\u011fru i\u015faret eden Mao\u2019nun \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir heykeli ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz. Meydan\u0131n hemen yan\u0131 halk bah\u00e7esi ad\u0131yla Park yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Gerek meydan ve gerekse parkta gezenler ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131nda Mao\u2019nun heykeli ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geliyor. Mao, aradan y\u0131llar ge\u00e7se de \u201cBen buraday\u0131m.\u201d \u0130ntiba\u0131n\u0131 veriyor. Mao\u2019nun g\u00f6steri\u015fli heykeli Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n her taraf\u0131na hakim bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir platforma yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f.
1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mao Sosyalist \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni kurdu\u011funda Ka\u015fgar\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan devleti bulunuyordu. Mao taraf\u0131ndan 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ka\u015fgar i\u015fgal edilmi\u015fti. Ka\u015fgar meydan\u0131n tam ortas\u0131na 1952-2012 rakam\u0131n\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7elenk yap\u0131larak 60. y\u0131l kutlama \u00e7elengi olu\u015fturulmu\u015f. Meydan\u2019da 24 saat polis ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve polis panzerleri g\u00f6revde. Her yerde polis hakim. Meydan\u2019da ki polis noktalar\u0131 tamamen tutulmu\u015f.
Otelimizin \u00f6n\u00fc ve meydanda gezerken s\u00fcnnet ve d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn t\u00f6renlerinin konvoylar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u00dcst\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k bir kamyonette davul ve zurna e\u015fli\u011finde konvoylar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde ki ara\u00e7lar Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 havas\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131yor ve insana ne\u015fe veriyor.Arka arkaya ge\u00e7en konvoylar insan\u0131 heyecanland\u0131r\u0131yor. Konvoylar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini \u00e7ekerken polislerin sert bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131na muhatap oluyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Turan restoranda ak\u015fam yeme\u011fi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar\u2019da ak\u015fam yeme\u011fini Turan restoran\u2019da yiyece\u011fiz. Latin harfleriyle T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak restoran\u0131n ad\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131da ki tabelada Nuran diye yaz\u0131yor. \u0130\u00e7eri girdi\u011fimizde \u201cN\u201d nin yerini \u201cT\u201d alm\u0131\u015f Turan olmu\u015f. Ba\u015fta yo\u011furt ve g\u00f6k \u00e7ay\u0131 olmak \u00fczere Uygur mutfa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en lezzetli yemeklerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zevkle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f restoran\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde hem g\u00f6z ve hem g\u00f6nle hitap eden mimari s\u00fcslemelerin i\u00e7erisinde ak\u015fam yeme\u011fimizi yerken, restoran\u0131n sahibiyle de konu\u015fuyoruz.
Restoran\u0131n sahibi 2009 olaylar\u0131ndan sonra Turan ad\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131da Nuran olarak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmetle gerginlik ya\u015famak istemediklerini, i\u00e7eride de Turan ad\u0131na devam ettiklerini s\u00f6ylerken, T\u00fcrk turistlerin b\u00f6lgeye gelmesinden b\u00fcy\u00fck mutluluk duyduklar\u0131n\u0131 hem \u00c7inlilerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gitmesini, hem de T\u00fcrk turistlerin buralara gelmesinden iki \u00fclke halk\u0131n\u0131n mutlu olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar sokaklar\u0131nda gece turu<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Turan veya Nuran ad\u0131 ne olursa olsun bu restorandan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra Ka\u015fgar sokaklar\u0131na kendimizi at\u0131yoruz. \u00d6z T\u00fcrk, Has T\u00fcrk ad\u0131nda bir \u00e7ok ma\u011faza ve d\u00fckkan bizlere adeta ho\u015f geldin diyerek s\u00fcrpriz yap\u0131yordu. Ka\u015fgar Meydan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u0130hlas ma\u011fazas\u0131 ise bize tam bir s\u00fcrpriz ya\u015fatt\u0131. \u0130hlas ma\u011fazas\u0131n\u0131n buralarda sat\u0131\u015f yerlerinin oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frendik. Tarihi Ka\u015fgar Meydan\u0131 ve \u0130degah Camii\u2019nin muhte\u015fem gece manzaras\u0131 g\u00f6z ve g\u00f6nl\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc ayd\u0131nlatt\u0131. Y\u0131llar \u00f6nce Japonlar\u0131n me\u015fhur \u0130pek Yolu dizisinde ki Ka\u015fgar b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck keyifle izledi\u011fimiz Bayram namaz\u0131 ve namazdan sonra ki Uygur T\u00fcrkleri\u2019nin muhte\u015fem bayram kutlamalar\u0131n\u0131 adeta bu tarihi meydanda ya\u015far gibi olduk. \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun da ge\u00e7i\u015f g\u00fczergah\u0131 olan Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrinin doya doya gece manzaralar\u0131n\u0131 seyrederek Ka\u015fgar\u2019da ki otelimize geldik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr ba\u015fkenti Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 geziyoruz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki gezimiz t\u00fcm h\u0131z\u0131yla devam ediyor. T\u00fcrk zaferler tarihi i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli olan 30 A\u011fustos 2012 tarihinde Ka\u015fgar\u2019a gelmi\u015ftik. Zafer bayram\u0131n\u0131n heyecan\u0131 Ka\u015fgar\u2019da ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Sabah erken kalkarak Ka\u015fgar\u2019da ki gezilerimizi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrece\u011fiz.31 A\u011fustos 2012 g\u00fcnlerden Cuma. A\u011fustos ay\u0131 T\u00fcrk zaferler tarihi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli. Sultan Alpaslan\u2019da 1071 tarihinin A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda Malazgirt meydan muharebesini kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. A\u011fustos\u2019un son g\u00fcnlerinden Ka\u015fgar\u2019a gelip Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 ziyaret etmemiz bizlere farkl\u0131 duygular ya\u015fat\u0131yor. \u00dcstelik m\u00fcbarek Cuma g\u00fcn Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m gezerek Cuma namaz\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr ba\u015fkent\u2019e Ka\u015fgar\u2019da k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un t\u00fcrbesini ziyarete gidiyoruz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar da ilk ziyaret edece\u011fimiz yer Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un t\u00fcrbesi. Karl\u0131 Pamir ve tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n ete\u011finde bereketli bir ovada bulunan Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un t\u00fcrbesinin bulundu\u011fu Opar k\u00f6ye \u015fehir Merkezine 50km. H\u0131zla k\u00f6ye do\u011fru giderken sanki Anadolu yollar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7iyoruz, meyve bah\u00e7eleri \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131, toprak daml\u0131 evler, reng\u00e2renk elbiseler i\u00e7erisindeki Uygur han\u0131mlar\u0131, at ve e\u015fek arabalar\u0131, tarlada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Uygurlara el sallayarak yolumuza devam ederken Ka\u015fgar ile ilgili bilgilerimi elimdeki nottan g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7iriyorum. \u015eimdi sizlere Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 ile bilgiler payla\u015faca\u011f\u0131m<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131 nereden geliyor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar ya da Ordu Kend, han\u0131n oturdu\u011fu \u015fehir” demektir, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u00b4da Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi\u00b4nin bat\u0131s\u0131nda Pamir ve Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131 ete\u011finde tar\u0131m havzas\u0131nda yer alan tarihi bir \u015fehirdir. \u00dcnl\u00fc T\u00fcrk dil bilgini Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut Kutat Kubilik yazar\u0131 Yusuf Hasacip ama \u00f6n \u00f6nemlisi ilk T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devleti olan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk hakan\u0131 unvan\u0131 ile \u0130slam medeniyetinin T\u00fcrk \u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden Karahanl\u0131lar Devletinin kurucusu Saltuk Bu\u011fra Han \u0131n memleketi olarak tan\u0131nan Ka\u015fgar T\u00fcrk tarihinin bir kilometre ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar\u0131n ad\u0131 nereden geliyor?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ansiklopediler bu konuda farkl\u0131 bilgiler var. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Ka\u015fgar ad\u0131n\u0131 Ko\u015fkar, K\u00f6\u015fker veya Ka\u015fkar oyma\u011f\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrerler. K\u00f6\u015fker oyma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ata yurdu K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u00b4\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan-\u00d6zbekistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n Celal-Abad \u0130linde bulunan Ko\u015fkar-Ata \u015fehridir. Bir ba\u015fka varsay\u0131ma g\u00f6re ise Ka\u015fgar, ad\u0131n\u0131 \u015fehrin civar\u0131ndan s\u0131k bulunan “Ka\u015f Ta\u015f\u0131” veya di\u011fer ad\u0131yla “Ye\u015fim Ta\u015f\u0131”ndan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Bug\u00fcn g\u00f6zden ve g\u00f6n\u00fclden \u0131rak olan bir zamanlar Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n da bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan T\u00fcrk \u0130slam tarihinin en \u00f6nemli k\u00fclt\u00fcr ba\u015fkenti Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n co\u011frafi konumu hakk\u0131nda ise \u015fu bilgileri verebiliriz.
Bat\u0131s\u0131nda Ka\u015fgar Kuna \u015eehir \u0130l\u00e7esi, kuzeyinde Atu\u015f \u0130l\u00e7esi, do\u011fusunda Feyzivat \u0130l\u00e7esi ve g\u00fcneyinde Yengisar \u0130l\u00e7esi ile s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131r. Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn bat\u0131s\u0131nda Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131\u00b4n\u0131n eteklerinde yer alan Ka\u015fgar, deniz seviyesinden 1290 metre y\u00fckseklikte konumlan\u0131r. Ka\u015fgar\u0131n havas\u0131 suyu \u00e7ok g\u00fczel oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hanlar\u0131n hakanlar\u0131n oturdu\u011fu bir b\u00f6lge olarak an\u0131lan yer olarak ta bilinmekte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrk- \u0130slam tarihinde Ka\u015fgar<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eehrin kurulu\u015fu tarihi \u00c7inlilerin Han Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemine kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. \u015eehirde ilk h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Karahanl\u0131lar\u00b4dan Abd\u00fclkerim Satuk Bu\u011fra Han\u00b4d\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fc t\u00fcrk bilgini ve ad\u0131n\u0131 Ka\u015fgardan alan Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131 Div\u00e2nu L\u00fcgati\u00b4t-T\u00fcrk\u00b4de, ” Ka\u015fgar” ” ile \u015fu bilgileri vermektedir Ka\u015fgar: Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk ilinde tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u015fehir ad\u0131.” olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Kutadgu Bilik\u00b4de; “Kent: \u015eeher. Bu kelimeden al\u0131narak Qa\u015fqar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn “Ordu Kend” derler. Han\u0131n oturdu\u011fu \u015fehir demekdir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Afrasiyab, havas\u0131 g\u00fczel oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in burada otururdu”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrk tarihinde Ka\u015fgar<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk devleti ve T\u00fcrk han\u0131na ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f. T\u00fcrk tarihinde Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fini \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetleyebiliriz: 502 \u2013 550 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Hunlar, 552 \u2013 648 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, 648 – 649 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Tang Hanedan\u0131 zaman\u0131nda \u00c7inliler, tekrar 659 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren 744 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, 790 ve 791 – tahminen 842 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Tibetler ve 1006 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Karahanl\u0131lar 1032 – 1210 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Do\u011fu Karahanl\u0131lar, Do\u011fu Karahanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131 y\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra Karahitaylar, daha sonra; \u00f6nce 1227 – 1370 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, daha sonra 1370 – 1514 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Do\u011fu \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgede egemenlik s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anadoludan Ka\u015fgar\u2019a Tatar G\u00f6c\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrk tarihinde orta Asya dan Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7ler oldu\u011fu yaz\u0131lmakta Ka\u015fgar tarihini ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Anadolu\u2019dan Ka\u015fgar\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7ler oldu\u011fu kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.
Ka\u015fgar 1399 y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre de olsa Timurlular Devleti\u00b4nin idaresine girdi. Timur Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131\u00b4ndan sonra Anadolu\u00b4dan getirdi\u011fi Kara Tatarlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Ka\u015fgar\u00b4a yerle\u015ftirdi. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u00b4da 1514 ile 1680 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Alt\u0131\u015fehir (Alt\u0131shahr) olarak bilinen Hotan, Yarkent, Yengihisar, Ka\u015fgar, Aksu, ve U\u00e7turfan gibi \u015fehirleri i\u00e7ine alan b\u00f6lgede Yarkand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, (mamlakati Yarkand, mamlakati Moghuliya, mamlakati Saidiya) egemenlik s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar\u2019da Rus, \u0130ngiliz ve \u00c7in m\u00fccadelesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Askeri ve ekonomik bak\u0131mdan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olan ipek yolunun tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli ge\u00e7idin bulundu\u011fu yer olarak ta bilinen Ka\u015fgar tarih boyu hakim g\u00fc\u00e7lerin m\u00fccadele alan\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alm\u0131\u015f, son y\u00fczy\u0131llarda d\u00fcnyaya h\u00fckmetmek isteyen Rus, \u0130ngiliz ve \u00e7inliler, Ka\u015fgar\u0131 hakimiyet alan\u0131 i\u00e7ine almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar 1759\u00b4da \u00c7inlilerin eline ge\u00e7ti. Bu tarihten sonra b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00c7in idaresine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. Yakup Han (Yakub Beg Badawlat) b\u00f6lgede ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet kurdu ve 1872\u00b4den itibaren \u00fclkesinde Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 Abd\u00fclaziz ad\u0131na hutbe okutmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ka\u015fgar, Yakup Han\u00b4\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131nda s\u0131k s\u0131k s\u00f6z edilen Yettishahr (“Heptapolis”) yedi \u015fehir\u00b4den birisidir, di\u011ferleri Hotan (Khotan), Yarkent (Yarkand), Yengihisar (Yangihisar), Aksu, Ku\u00e7ar (Kucha) ve Korla\u00b4d\u0131r,Yakup Han\u00b4\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u00c7in tekrar Ka\u015fgar\u00b4\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. \u00c7in y\u00f6netimi 1884\u00b4te b\u00f6lgede Sincan vilayetini kurdu. 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u00b4nin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra 1955\u00b4te Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren birden bire jeopolitik \u00f6nem kazanan Ka\u015fgar, B\u00fcy\u00fck Oyun ad\u0131 verilen \u0130ngiltere ve Rusya aras\u0131nda Orta Asya\u00b4n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in ya\u015fanan \u00e7eki\u015fmede bir satran\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130ngiliz ve Rus ajanlar\u0131 Orta Asya\u00b4n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in birbirleriyle yar\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar ve her ikisi birer konsolosluk a\u00e7t\u0131lar. Bu yar\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 tabiki \u0130ngilizler kazand\u0131. \u015eimdi her iki Konsolosluk binalar\u0131 Hotel olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f\u2019dan beri Tar\u0131m havzas\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik merkezi olan \u015fehirde pamuk sanayisi geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ka\u015fgar\u2019da pazar g\u00fcn\u00fc kurulan \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 \u015fehrin ekonomik hayat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yer tutar. Binlerce \u00e7ift\u00e7i \u00e7evredeki verimli tarlalarda \u00e7e\u015fitli meyve ve sebzeleri \u00fcretir. Hotan\u2019dan getirilen ipek ve hal\u0131lar, di\u011fer el sanatlar\u0131na dayal\u0131 e\u015fyalarla birlikte Ka\u015fgar pazar\u0131nda sat\u0131l\u0131r
Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n n\u00fcfusu 300 binin \u00fczerindedir.\u015eehrin n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar olu\u015fturur. \u015eehirdeki en kalabal\u0131k etnik grup Uygurlard\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar\u2019da k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tarih katliam\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tarih boyu Ka\u015fgar\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck ya\u011fmalar ve y\u0131k\u0131mlar olmu\u015f.En b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131m ise \u00c7in ya\u015fanana Mao devriminden sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f.\u00c7in\u2019de 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan k\u00fclt\u00fcr ihtilal\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015fehirde bulunan cami ve mescitlerin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u015fehirde k\u00fclt\u00fcr ihtilal\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki y\u0131k\u0131mdan kurtulan 100 civar\u0131nda mescit ve cami bulunmaktad\u0131r. Iydg\u00e2h Camii, Apak Hoca cami ve t\u00fcrbesi, D\u00f6ng Mescidi, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud t\u00fcrbesi ve Yusuf Has Hacib t\u00fcrbesi \u015fehrin en \u00f6nde gelen tarihi eserleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Mankent, Ka\u015fgar yak\u0131n\u0131nda bir \u015fehrin ad\u0131; bug\u00fcn harapt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar ile ilgili verdi\u011fimiz bu k\u0131sa bilgilerden sonra \u00fcnl\u00fc T\u00fcrk dil bilgini Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un t\u00fcrbesini ziyaret etmenin heyecan\u0131 \u0130\u00e7erisinde Pamir ve Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131 ete\u011findeki yoldan Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un t\u00fcrbesine doru h\u0131zla yol al\u0131yoruz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un t\u00fcrbesine gidiyoruz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00fcne\u015fli bir a\u011fustos ay\u0131, g\u00fcnlerden Cuma, tarihler 31 A\u011fustos 20121. Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrinden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yoruz. 45 km mesafede karl\u0131 tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131 ve pamir da\u011flar\u0131 ete\u011finde ki Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un t\u00fcrbesinin bulundu\u011fu Opal k\u00f6y\u00fcne gidiyoruz. Meyve bah\u00e7eleri, \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131, sebze bah\u00e7eleri, kavak ve s\u00f6\u011f\u00fct a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndan Opal k\u00f6y\u00fcne geliyoruz. K\u00f6y olduk\u00e7a bak\u0131ms\u0131z. T\u00fcrbe giri\u015fi tipik Uygur mimarisiyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Kavak ve s\u00f6\u011f\u00fct a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndan Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un b\u00fcy\u00fck boy heykeli bizi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ve adeta neden geciktiniz, ho\u015f geldiniz dercesine bizi ba\u011fr\u0131na bas\u0131yor. Uygurlularla birlikte heykelin \u00f6n\u00fcnde hat\u0131ra foto\u011fraflar\u0131 \u00e7ekiyoruz. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc temsil eden 97 basamakl\u0131 merdivenden t\u0131rmanarak Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut taraf\u0131ndan dikildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenen ve dibinden so\u011fuk su \u00e7\u0131kan Kara Kavak a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yere geliyoruz. Kara Kavak a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n dibinde ki su dan su i\u00e7erken, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 han\u0131mlar a\u011fac\u0131n dallar\u0131na bez ba\u011fl\u0131yorlard\u0131. Rivayete g\u00f6re hocas\u0131n\u0131n emriyle bu kara kava\u011f\u0131 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut dikmi\u015f.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nYine merdiven t\u0131rmanmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor, merdivenin ba\u015f\u0131nda bizi muhte\u015fem mimarisiyle Ka\u015fg\u011frl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un t\u00fcrbe kap\u0131s\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Daha sonra k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir meydan tepenin \u00fcst\u00fcnde mescit ve t\u00fcrbe binas\u0131. S\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131na yaslam\u0131\u015f vaziyette bir tablo gibi g\u00f6z ve g\u00f6n\u00fcl ziyafeti sunuyor. T\u00fcrbenin giri\u015finden Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un b\u00fcy\u00fck boy temsili resmi, sa\u011f tarafta T\u00fcrbe sandukas\u0131, \u00f6nce t\u00fcrbe sandukas\u0131n\u0131 ziyaret ediyoruz, Uygurlu kad\u0131n erkekli kalabal\u0131k bir grupla Fatiha-i \u015eerif okuyor, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un ruhuna hediye ediyoruz. T\u00fcrbe ziyaret\u00e7i ak\u0131n\u0131na u\u011fruyor. T\u00fcrbenin i\u00e7erisinde ki m\u00fczeden Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut ve Divan-\u0131 L\u00fcgatit T\u00fcrkle ilgili bilgiler veriliyor. T\u00fcrbenin duvar\u0131nda as\u0131l\u0131 bulunan bir foto\u011fraf dikkatimizi \u00e7ekiyor. Bu foto\u011fraf Devlet Bah\u00e7eli\u2019nin Ba\u015fbakan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada T\u00fcrbeyi ziyaret eden ilk T\u00fcrk devlet adam\u0131 olarak \u00e7ekilmi\u015f. T\u00fcrbenin mescit b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde iki rekat namaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 eda ediyor, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un t\u00fcrbesinden belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler \u00e7eken ilk T\u00fcrk gazetecisi ve televizyoncusu olman\u0131n hakl\u0131 gururunu ya\u015fayarak t\u00fcrbeden ayr\u0131l\u0131yoruz. T\u00fcrbenin hemen kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tarihi Uygur mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ziyaret ederek Fatiha okuyoruz. Uygurlarda mezar k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc tam bir sanat haline getirilmi\u015f. Mezar sandukalar\u0131 be\u015fi\u011fi and\u0131r\u0131yor. Karl\u0131 Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131 ve Pamir da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n ete\u011finde ki bu Uygur mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda acaba kimler yat\u0131yor. Da\u011flar\u0131n zirvelerinde ki karlar\u0131 seyrederken, bir taraftan da mezarl\u0131kta yatanlar\u0131n ruhuna Fatiha okuyoruz. Opal k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn havas\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fczel. T\u00fcrbe \u00e7evresinde ki a\u011fa\u00e7lar alt\u0131nda Uygur kad\u0131nlar\u0131 evde pi\u015firdikleri \u00e7\u00f6rek ve yumurtalar\u0131 sat\u0131yorlar. Baz\u0131 Uygurlular piknik yap\u0131yorlar. Uygurlularla sohbet ederek t\u00fcrbeden ayr\u0131l\u0131rken Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut ile ilgili baz\u0131 bilgileri sizlerle payla\u015f\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar\u00b4dan 45 km g\u00fcney bat\u0131da Opal kasabas\u0131nda d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re ise Is\u0131k G\u00f6l yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Bars Kul\u00b4da do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Tam ad\u0131 “Mahmud bin H\u00fcseyin bin Muhammed”dir. Yani Muhammed o\u011flu H\u00fcseyin o\u011flu Mahmud\u00b4dur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud, 1008 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ka\u015fgar\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Hamirler diye \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun O\u011fuzlar\u0131n kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmektedir. Kendisinin verdi\u011fi bu bilgilerden, T\u00fcrk tarihinin \u00f6nemli devletlerinden birisi olan Karahanl\u0131 Devleti\u00b4nin hanedan s\u00fclalesine mensuptur.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nBa\u015fka ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re Bat\u0131 Karahanl\u0131 hakanlar\u0131ndan Bu\u011frahan Muhammet Ya\u011fan Tekin (Bogra Yagan T\u00e9gin)\u2019in torunu ve \u015eehzade H\u00fcseyin Emir Tekin\u00b4in o\u011fludur. Ya\u011fan Tekin, 18 ayl\u0131k k\u0131sa Hakanl\u0131k d\u00f6neminden sonra taht\u0131 kendi iste\u011fi ile Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un babas\u0131 H\u00fcseyin Emir Tekin (H\u00fcseyin \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 T\u00e9gin)\u2019e devretmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, Karahanl\u0131 soyundan asil bir ailenin ferdi olan Muhammed bin H\u00fcseyin (H\u00fcseyin \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Tegin)\u2019in o\u011fludur. Annesinin ismi Bibi R\u0101biy\u00b4a al-Basr\u012b\u00b4dir. Babas\u0131 Barsgan \u015fehrinde ya\u015famakta iken bilinmeyen bir sebeple Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrine gelip yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. O d\u00f6nemde Ka\u015fgar, \u00f6nemli bir bilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi idi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, \u00c7in h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131nda olan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisindedir.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nBu devir teslim i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck ziyafetler haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f davullar d\u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu ziyafet s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ya\u011fan Tekin\u2019in e\u015flerinden Han\u0131s\u0131, tahta kendi o\u011flu \u0130brahim\u2019i ge\u00e7irebilmek i\u00e7in di\u011fer \u015fehzadeleri zehirlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un \u00e7ileli hayat\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud\u00b4un babas\u0131 da zehirlenenler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu saray darbesinden sonra \u0130brahim, 1057 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n hakan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud ise bu tuzaktan kendisini kurtararak Bat\u0131 Karahanl\u0131 Devleti\u00b4nin topraklar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u0130brahim Han\u00b4\u0131n adamlar\u0131 her yerde onu arad\u0131klar\u0131ndan o kendisini gezgin veya bilgin gibi s\u0131fatlarla takdim ederek s\u0131k s\u0131k yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kesin olarak Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud, d\u00f6nemin b\u00fct\u00fcn klasik ilimlerini tahsil etti. Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a \u00f6\u011frendi. Saciye ve Hamidiye Medreseleri\u00b4nde tahsil g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra kendisini T\u00fcrk dili tetkikat\u0131na vakfetmi\u015ftir. Bu ama\u00e7la Orta Asya\u00b4y\u0131 boydan boya kat ederek Anadolu\u00b4ya oradan da Ba\u011fdat\u00b4a gitmi\u015f. 15 y\u0131l boyunca T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn illeri, \u015fehirleri, obalar\u0131, da\u011flar\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6lleri dola\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu geziler inceleme ama\u00e7l\u0131 idi. T\u00fcrklerin \u00f6rf ve \u00e2detlerini mahallinde ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Gezileri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, ana dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Hakaniye, O\u011fuz, K\u0131p\u00e7ak, Argu, \u00c7i\u011fil, Kepenek \u015fivelerini de \u00f6\u011frendi. \u0130yi \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u00b4le ilgili bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yak\u0131ndan izlemi\u015ftir. Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7ay\u0131 da \u00e7ok iyi \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrklerin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeleri gezmi\u015f , ana dili olan T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin b\u00fct\u00fcn leh\u00e7elerini yerlerinde \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f, geleneklerini g\u00f6reneklerini yak\u0131ndan izlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bilimsel ve edeb\u00ee y\u00f6n\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Divan\u00fc L\u00fcgati\u00b4t-T\u00fcrk isimli, d\u00fcnyaca bilinen eserin yazar\u0131d\u0131r. Eserini 1072 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 12 \u015eubat 1074 tarihinde tamamlad\u0131. Eserin tamamlanmas\u0131ndan sonraki iki y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde d\u00f6rt defa ba\u015ftan sona g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irerek 1076\u2018da son \u015feklini verdi. 1077 Oca\u011f\u0131nda bitirilmi\u015ftir. Eserini Abbasi Halifesi Mukted\u00ee-Biemrillah\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu Eb\u00fc\u2019l-Kas\u0131m Abdullah\u2019a sunmu\u015ftur. Kitab\u0131n tek yazmas\u0131 olan n\u00fcsha bug\u00fcn \u0130stanbul\u2019da Millet K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u00b4nde muhafaza edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud\u2019un, Kitabu Cevahir\u00fc\u2019n-Nahv fi Lugati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk (T\u00fcrk Dili\u2019nin Nahiv Cevherleri) adl\u0131 bir eser daha kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. ), T\u00fcrk dilinin ilk gramer kitab\u0131n\u0131n nerede ve nas\u0131l kayboldu\u011fu belirlenememi\u015ftir. Bu eser, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, 1080 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ka\u015fgar\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc. O art\u0131k, \u00fclkesinin \u00f6nde gelen bir bilim adam\u0131 idi. Ad\u0131na izafeten, Mahmudiye Medresesi denilen binada dersler vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Binlerce \u00f6\u011frenci yeti\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mahmud, 1105 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 97 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken fani hayata veda etti. Naa\u015f\u0131; ders verdi\u011fi Mahmudiye mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda topra\u011fa verildi. Buras\u0131, Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrine 45 kilometre uzakl\u0131ktaki Opal k\u00f6y\u00fcnde, etraf\u0131 kavak, \u00e7\u0131nar ve s\u00f6\u011f\u00fct a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131yla \u00e7evrili bir tepedir. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u00f6\u011frencileri taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilen t\u00fcrbe, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar d\u00f6rt defa yenilendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrbede, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud\u2019un sandukas\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir oda, Kuran okumak i\u00e7in bir salon ve m\u00fcze b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bulunuyor. M\u00fczede de\u011ferli \u00e2limin kitap ve makaleleri, el yazmas\u0131 ve basma Kur\u2019anlar ile baz\u0131 e\u015fyalar\u0131 var. M\u00fczenin duvar\u0131nda, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistanl\u0131 bir ressam taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck boyda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud\u2019u \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken g\u00f6steren temsil\u00ee bir resim yer al\u0131yor. M\u00fczede ayr\u0131ca Uygurlar\u0131n Budizm inanc\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere ait e\u015fyalar g\u00f6ze \u00e7arp\u0131yor. Bu e\u015fyalar\u0131n, arkeolojik kaz\u0131larda elde edildi\u011fi belirtiliyor. Karahanl\u0131lar d\u00f6nemine ait \u00e7e\u015fitli maden\u00ee para ve s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131, m\u00fczede sergilenen malzemeler aras\u0131nda dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. T\u00fcrbenin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f duvarlar\u0131 ile oda ve salonlar\u0131n tavanlar\u0131, Uygur sanat\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcsleme unsurlar\u0131yla bezenmi\u015f. S\u00fcslemeler, ah\u015fap tavanda e\u015fsiz bir ihti\u015fam olu\u015fturuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrkoloji\u2019nin ilk ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e2liminin t\u00fcrbesi, son y\u0131llarda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tahrip edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130lk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Satuk Bu\u011fra Han\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcrbesindeyiz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr ba\u015fkenti Ka\u015fgar\u2019da ki gezimiz t\u00fcm h\u0131z\u0131yla devam ediyor. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un t\u00fcrbesini ziyaret ettikten sonra Ka\u015fgar\u2019a 50 km mesafede bulunan Artu\u00e7 kasabas\u0131na do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yoruz. Vadilerden Yal\u00e7\u0131nkayal\u0131 da\u011flar ve \u0131rmaklar \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7erek \u00e7\u00f6l ortas\u0131nda ye\u015fil bir vahay\u0131 and\u0131ran Artu\u00e7 kasabas\u0131na geliyoruz. \u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta sevimli bir \u015fehir. Burada ki ilk dura\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan verdi\u011fi bir emirle 200 bin \u00e7ad\u0131rda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerin islamiyeti kabul etmesiyle T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131nda islam\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden Karahanl\u0131lar Devleti\u2019nin sultan\u0131 Satuk Bu\u011fra han\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcrbesi oluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Satuk Bu\u011fra Han\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcrbesindeyiz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Artu\u00e7 \u015fehri b\u00fcy\u00fck binalar ve geni\u015f caddelerle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. \u015eehrin biraz d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sakin bir ortamda T\u00fcrkistan mimarisiyle yap\u0131lan g\u00f6z ve g\u00f6n\u00fcl ok\u015fay\u0131c\u0131 Satuk Bu\u011fra Han camii ve t\u00fcrbesine do\u011fru yolumuz devam ediyor. \u00dcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131 ve meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 alt\u0131nda tipik T\u00fcrkistan evlerinin aras\u0131ndan dar sokaklardan ge\u00e7erek t\u00fcrbeye gidece\u011fiz. T\u00fcrkistan evlerinin kap\u0131lar\u0131 muhte\u015fem oymal\u0131 ah\u015fap i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fe sahip. Satuk Bu\u011fra Han camii minareleriyle g\u00f6z ve g\u00f6n\u00fcl ziyafeti sunuyor. G\u00fcnlerden Cuma. Cami \u00e7evresi sat\u0131c\u0131larla dolmu\u015f. Ekmek satanlar, a\u00e7\u0131kta et satanlar, sebze ve meyve sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 adeta bir panay\u0131r yerine d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f. Caminin ilk giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc minareleriyle muhte\u015fem. As\u0131l camii t\u00fcrbenin sol taraf\u0131nda sade bir binaya sahip. Satuk Bu\u011fra Han\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcrbesi ise sol tarafta ye\u015fillikler i\u00e7erisinde firuze renkli turkuaz \u00e7inilerle, \u00e7evresiyle uyum i\u00e7erisinde adeta bir tabloyu and\u0131r\u0131yor. \u00dcz\u00fcm asmalar\u0131 ve \u00e7i\u00e7eklerle \u00e7evrili yoldan ilerleyerek t\u00fcrbeye gidiyoruz. T\u00fcrbenin giri\u015finde iki b\u00fcy\u00fck kazan Satuk Bu\u011fra Han d\u00f6neminden kalma oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyor. \u00c7inilerle kapl\u0131 y\u00fcksek kubbenin alt\u0131nda Satuk Bu\u011fra Han\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcrbesi b\u00fct\u00fcn ihti\u015fam\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda. T\u00fcrbenin ba\u015f ve ayak ucunda Satuk Bu\u011fra Han\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131 ve ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemler tarihe not d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f t\u00fcrbe ziyaret\u00e7i ak\u0131n\u0131na u\u011fruyor. Hep birlikte burada Fatiha okuyup, Satuk Bu\u011fra Han\u2019\u0131n ruhuna ba\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131yoruz. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den geldi\u011fimizi \u00f6\u011frenen Uygurlar bizlere yak\u0131nl\u0131k ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi g\u00f6steriyor. B\u00fcy\u00fck hakan\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcrbesinde resimler ve Satuk Bu\u011fra han d\u00f6neminden kalma ta\u015flar dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. T\u00fcrbeden ayr\u0131lmak zor. Kendimizi Karahanl\u0131lar devletinin ve T\u00fcrk tarihinin ihti\u015faml\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fine kapt\u0131r\u0131yoruz. Bir taraftan dua edip bir taraftan da belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler \u00e7ekiyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Satuk Bu\u011fra han\u2019\u0131n memleketi Artu\u00e7\u2019da Cuma namaz\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cuma namaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 Satuk Bu\u011fra Han\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcrbesinin bulundu\u011fu Artu\u00e7\u2019da k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131z. \u015eehrin merkez camiine geliyoruz. \u0130nsanlar adeta bir sel gibi camiye ak\u0131yor. Bembeyaz renklerle ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda ki camii Uygurca yap\u0131lan vaaz ve okunan ezanla g\u00f6n\u00fcl telimizi titretirken i\u00e7imizde f\u0131rt\u0131nalar estiriyor. Artu\u00e7lularla konu\u015fuyoruz. Caminin giri\u015finde Pamir Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan getirilen buzlarla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan buzlu ayran i\u00e7erek biraz olsun g\u00f6nl\u00fcm\u00fczde ki f\u0131rt\u0131nay\u0131 dindirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz. Foto\u011fraf makinemizi elimize alarak birka\u00e7 kare foto\u011fraf \u00e7ekmek istiyoruz. Daha ilk kareyi \u00e7ekerken birisi yan\u0131m\u0131za yakla\u015f\u0131yor. Eliyle yasak i\u015faretini g\u00f6steriyor. T\u00fcrkiye diyecek oluyoruz, iki taraf boynunu sall\u0131yor ve tekrar Uygurca yasak i\u015faretini koyuyor. Foto\u011fraf makinemizi bir kenara koyup namaz k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in seccademizin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7iyoruz. G\u00f6z ucuyla bize foto\u011fraf \u00e7ektirmeyen \u015fahs\u0131 takip ediyoruz. Uzaktan bir ba\u015fka yetkiliyle bulu\u015fan bir \u015fah\u0131s beni i\u015faret ediyor ben hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yokmu\u015f gibi davran\u0131yorum. Cuma ezan\u0131 okunuyor, hutbeye \u00e7\u0131kan imam \u00e7ok k\u0131sa Uygurca hutbe okuyup kamet getirilerek Cuma namaz\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z esnada bizim bulundu\u011fumuz saf\u0131n ba\u015f taraf\u0131ndan sakall\u0131 bir gen\u00e7 \u201cAllah-u Ekber\u201d diye sesli sesli tekbir getirmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Hi\u00e7 kimse o tarafa bile bakm\u0131yor. Namaz k\u0131l\u0131p camiden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131rken yine ayn\u0131 \u015fah\u0131s tekbir getiriyor. Yine hi\u00e7 kimse oral\u0131 de\u011fil. Galiba biz T\u00fcrk turistlerin de orda olmas\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilerek birileri komplo teorisini harekete ge\u00e7irip milleti galeyana getirmek i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat kollad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Artu\u00e7lular da anlam\u0131\u015f olacak ki hi\u00e7 kimse bu komplocuya alet olmuyor. Cuma namaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 k\u0131larak Ka\u015fgar\u2019a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131karken Satuk Bu\u011fra Han ve Karahanl\u0131lar devletiyle ilgili yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rma notlar\u0131n\u0131 Ka\u015fgar\u2019a gidiyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Satuk Bu\u011fra Han kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n 920-958 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ki h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131. 932 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130slam’\u0131 kabul ederek, tarihteki ilk m\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk Hakan\u0131 T\u00fcrk toplulu\u011funun toplu halde \u0130slama ge\u00e7mesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden T\u00fcrk tarihi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir ve hakk\u0131nda Satuk Bu\u011fra Han destan\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Babas\u0131 Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ailesinden Bezir Han idi. Babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine amcas\u0131 ve \u00fcvey babas\u0131 O\u011fulcak Kad\u0131r Han’\u0131n himayesinde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Satuk Bu\u011fra on iki ya\u015flar\u0131nda iken Mavera\u00fcnnehir ve Horasan b\u00f6lgesine hakim olan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Samani Devleti \u015fehzadeleri aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bunlardan Nas\u0131r bin Ahmed, O\u011fulcak Kad\u0131r Han’\u0131n \u00fclkesine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. Ona iyi muamele edip Artu\u00e7 nahiyesinin idaresini verdi. Artu\u00e7 Nas\u0131r bin Ahmed’in gayretleri ve gelip giden M\u00fcsl\u00fcman t\u00fcccarlar sayesinde bir ticaret merkezi oldu. Satuk Bu\u011fra da Artu\u00e7’un ziyaret\u00e7ileri aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Nas\u0131r bin Ahmed’le tan\u0131\u015f\u0131p ondan \u0130slamiyeti \u00f6\u011frenerek T\u00fcrkistan’da \u0130sl\u00e2m Peygamberi Muhammed bin Abdullah’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 333 y\u0131l sonra Satuk 12 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken M\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldu. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduktan sonra Abd\u00fclkerim ismini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve tam ismi Abd\u00fclkerim Satuk Bu\u011fra Han olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fayan Arap gezginci ve bilgin \u0130bn Fadlan Mil\u00e2di 960 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 200,000 \u00e7ad\u0131rl\u0131 T\u00fcrkler \u0130sl\u00e2m dinini benimsemi\u015ftir diye aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yirmi be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131na gelince M\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131p, amcas\u0131 ile m\u00fccadeleye ba\u015flad\u0131. Onunla Fergana Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131. \u0130lk olarak Atba\u015f\u0131 kalesini zaptetti. Daha sonra \u00fc\u00e7 bin ki\u015filik bir orduyla Ka\u015fgar \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fcp fethetti. Amcas\u0131 O\u011fulcak Kad\u0131r Han\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00dclkede hakimiyeti sa\u011flay\u0131p birli\u011fi temin etti. T\u00fcrk \u00fclkelerinde \u0130slamiyeti h\u0131zla yayd\u0131. Eb\u00fc’l-Hasan Muhammed gibi \u0130slam alimleri, Satuk Bu\u011fra Hana yol g\u00f6sterip te\u015fvik ettiler. Abd\u00fclkerim Satuk Bu\u011fra Han, daha sonra yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flarda; Ya\u011fma, \u00c7i\u011fil, O\u011fuz boylar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015fmi\u015f bulundu\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u015fehirlerini birer birer ele ge\u00e7irdi. Bu s\u0131rada Karahanl\u0131lar Devletinin do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131na hakim olan B\u00fcy\u00fck Ka\u011fan Baz\u0131r Arslan Han \u00c7inlilerden yard\u0131m alarak 924 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abd\u00fclkerim Satuk Bu\u011fra Hana kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131. Satuk Bu\u011fra Han M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n yard\u0131m ve deste\u011fiyle, onunla Balasagun Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131 ve galip geldi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
Sultan Satuk Bu\u011fra Han’\u0131n d\u00f6rt o\u011flu, Bu\u011fra Hasan Han, H\u00fcseyin Bu\u011fra Han, Yusuf Kadir Han, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc o\u011flunun ismi belli de\u011fildir, ve \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131, bunlar Nasab T\u00fcrkan, Hadya T\u00fcrkan ve Ala Nur isimlerinde toplam yedi \u00e7ocu\u011fu olur. 31 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Satuk Bu\u011fra Han, g\u00fczel ve adil idaresi ile binlerce kimsenin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmas\u0131na vesile olmu\u015ftur. Saltanat\u0131n\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru, Satuk Bu\u011fra Han, Liao Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir sefer yapar ve Turfan’a kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkenin tamam\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m geni\u015flemi\u015ftir. Burada hasta olur ve Ka\u015fgar’a geri getirilir, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir y\u0131l hasta yatar ve sonra vefat eder. Satuk Bu\u011fra Han, son saatlar\u0131nda arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131, Ab\u00fa Nasr\u0131n o\u011flunu Abb\u00fal Fatt\u00e1h yan\u0131na \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r ve onlara nasihatta bulunur. Onun ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 bitirdi\u011fi son g\u00fcn, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud’un Div\u00e2n-\u0131 L\u00fcgati’t-T\u00fcrk’te artu\u00e7” “Ard\u0131\u00e7. Ka\u015fgar’da bu isme sahip iki k\u00f6y vard\u0131r diye bahsetti\u011fi, “birisinin ad\u0131 alt\u0131n Artu\u00e7, ikincisi \u00fcst Artu\u00e7’d\u0131r.” Alt\u0131n Artu\u00e7 ‘ta mezarl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr, ve cenaze t\u00f6renine iki vali, yedi bin alim yirmiiki bin gazi ve halktan onbe\u015f bin ki\u015fi kat\u0131ld\u0131. Satuk Bu\u011fra Han’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Abb\u00fal Fatt\u00e1h ta \u00f6l\u00fcr, b\u00f6ylece b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6revleri Satuk ailesine ge\u00e7er. 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Artu\u00e7’da in\u015fa edilen t\u00fcrbesi tekrar 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mimar Abuduryim Ashan taraf\u0131ndan tamir edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar\u2019da Apak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcrbesindeyiz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tarihi Ka\u015fgar \u015fehri y\u0131k\u0131k d\u00f6k\u00fck binalara ra\u011fmen halen Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr ba\u015fkenti oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Artu\u00e7\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131p Ka\u015fgar\u2019a do\u011fru yolumuz devam ederken yine vadilerden ge\u00e7iyoruz. Meyve bah\u00e7eleri ve \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131 e\u015fli\u011finde Ka\u015fgar\u2019da ki me\u015fhur Apak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcrbesine gidece\u011fiz. \u201cAkpak\u201d hoca olarak da biline Apak Hoca 1600\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, Uygulamalar\u0131 Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmu\u015f, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ki Hocalara d\u00f6neminin \u00f6nemli bir temsilcisi. Dar yollardan ge\u00e7erek Apak Hoca t\u00fcrbesine geliyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Apak Hoca t\u00fcrbesinde \u00e7ekim yapmak yasak<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrbenin muhte\u015fem giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 Uygur mimari zarafetinin g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rne\u011fi. G\u00fcl bah\u00e7eleri aras\u0131nda ki Apak Hoca t\u00fcrbesine girerken kameram\u0131z elimizden al\u0131n\u0131yor. G\u00f6revliler adeta s\u0131k\u0131 y\u00f6netim uyguluyorlar. T\u00fcrbenin firuze \u00e7inilerle tipik mimarisi g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye de\u011fer. G\u00fcl bah\u00e7eleri i\u00e7erisinde ki t\u00fcrbe as\u0131rlardan beri Uygur mimarisini yans\u0131t\u0131yor. Foto\u011fraf makinemizi gizlice \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak t\u00fcrbenin i\u00e7inden ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz. T\u00fcrbe i\u00e7erisinde apak hocayla birlikte 40 yak\u0131n\u0131n mezar sandukas\u0131 bulunuyor. Bah\u00e7ede ki g\u00fcller, \u00fcz\u00fcm asmalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda t\u00fcrbenin ana binas\u0131 adeta muhte\u015fem bir ressam\u0131n f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan tabloyu and\u0131r\u0131yor. T\u00fcrbeye hakim noktada Uygurlu gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar milli k\u0131yafetleriyle turistlerle foto\u011fraf \u00e7ektiriyorlar. Bizim foto\u011fraf \u00e7ekme talebimiz olumlu kar\u015f\u0131lanarak Uygur milli k\u0131yafeti giyen k\u0131zlarla t\u00fcrbe bah\u00e7esinde foto\u011fraf \u00e7ekiyoruz. T\u00fcrbeden ba\u015fka burada medrese, Cuma camii ve kabul salonuda bulunuyor. Bah\u00e7ede tamirat ve restorasyon i\u015flemleri devam ediyor. Cuma camiinin mihrap ve minberiyle tavan i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi muhte\u015fem, ah\u015fap s\u00fctunlar \u00fczerinde adeta bir bah\u00e7eyi and\u0131r\u0131yor. T\u00fcrbe giri\u015finde ki kabul salonunun muhte\u015fem g\u00fczelli\u011fi g\u00f6z ve g\u00f6n\u00fcl ziyafeti sunuyor. T\u00fcrbe bah\u00e7esinde ki sat\u0131\u015f d\u00fckkanlar\u0131nda hediyelik e\u015fyalar sat\u0131l\u0131yor. t\u00fcrbeden ayr\u0131l\u0131rken apak hoc ayla ilgili ansiklopedik bilgileri sizlerle payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Apak Hoca Kimdir ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar’\u0131n dini ve siyasi \u00f6nderidir. Hidayetullah Hoca diye de tan\u0131n\u0131r. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, kaynaklar\u0131nda “Afak” olarak ge\u00e7mektedir. Afak kelimesi Arap\u00e7a “Ufuk” kelimesinden geldi\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp, d\u00fcnya taraflar\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Afak Hoca ise Alem Hocas\u0131 manas\u0131na gelmektedir. Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra, Kalmuklar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcceltmek i\u00e7in “Afak” \u00fcnvan\u0131 verildi\u011fini ve daha sonralar\u0131 m\u00fcridleri taraf\u0131ndan \u201cAppak\u201d olarak s\u00f6ylenmeye ba\u015flan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaydetmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hayat\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Apak Hoca \u00fcnl\u00fc Nak\u015fibendi S\u016bf\u012b Piri, Ahmet Kazani’nin torunudur, bir s\u016bf\u012b piri gibi sayg\u0131de\u011ferdir ve Akta\u011fl\u0131k \u00f6nderidir. Baz\u0131 m\u00fcsl\u00fcman Uygur’lar i\u00e7in, Afak Hoca bir Seyyid’dir, yani \u0130sl\u00e2m Peygamberi Muhammed Mustafa’n\u0131n akrabas\u0131d\u0131r. Yarkent Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, \u0130\u015fan Kalan\u2019\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131 Hoca Muhammed Yusuf ve Hoca Afak, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrine gelmi\u015fler. Semerkant yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ortalama 11 km uzakl\u0131kta olan Dehbit ismindeki kasabadan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a geldiklerinde Appak Hoca 33 ya\u015flar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Hocalar, Abdullah Han (1638-1668) zaman\u0131nda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck imtiyaz ve deste\u011fe sahip olmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Appak Hoca ve karde\u015fi Yusuf Hoca taraftarlar\u0131, Abdullah Han\u2019\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zel kolayl\u0131klar sayesinde onlar\u0131n iktidara gelmeleri kolayla\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u0131sa zaman i\u00e7inde kuvvetli bir n\u00fcfuza sahip olan Appak Hoca \u0130sl\u00e2m dini inanc\u0131na uygun Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan T\u00fcrklerine y\u0131llarca tarikat dersi vermi\u015ftir. Yarkent \u015fehrinde dini faaliyetlere ba\u015flad\u0131lar, daha sonra karde\u015fi Yusuf Hoca, Ka\u015fgar\u2019a bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck mesafedeki Topuluk ad\u0131ndaki yerle\u015fim yerinde vefat etti. Karde\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra tek kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn Akta\u011fl\u0131k tarikat mensuplar\u0131 Appak Hocan\u0131n \u015femsiyesi alt\u0131nda topland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Apak Hoca, Yarkent’den \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanedan\u0131n daveti \u00fczerine Tibet’in ruhani dini lideri 5. Dalay Lama ile gizli diplomatik ili\u015fki kurmu\u015ftur. Afak Hoca kuvvetli bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak, 1685 ile 1686 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Emir \u0130smail (1659 – 1660) zaman\u0131nda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan b\u00f6lgesini, ayr\u0131ca Hotan, Yarkent, Korla, Kucha, Aksu ve de Ka\u015fgar \u015fehirlerini kontrol alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Appak Hoca bir m\u00fcddet Kalmuklar\u0131n yard\u0131mlar\u0131yla ikinci defa iktidar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f, daha sonra ise Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistandaki m\u00fcritleri ile Kalmuk ve \u00c7inlilere kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu m\u00fccadele yolunda Aksu ile Ka\u015fgar aras\u0131nda Karata\u011f sava\u015f meydan\u0131n da 1693’de \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, cesedi Ka\u015fgar\u2019a getirilerek g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hocan\u0131n kabri Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrinin kuzey do\u011fusunda \u015fehirden ortalama 6 km. uzakl\u0131ktaki Ya\u011fdu ismindeki yerle\u015fim yerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Apak Hoca Kalmuklara vergi vermek suretiyle Kalmuklar\u0131n vekili olarak 13 y\u0131l iktidarda kalm\u0131\u015f ve H\u00fcrmetcan Abdurrahman Fikret\u2019e g\u00f6re, 1693 y\u0131l\u0131nda zehirlenerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Molla Musa Sayrami, Hocalar\u0131n Kalmuklar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ile Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesini “\u2026 O zaman\u0131n seyid ve yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00f6netime gelme maksatlar\u0131yla, dinsiz-m\u00fc\u015friklerin hizmetine girmeyi uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcp, isl\u00e2m padi\u015fahlar\u0131 ve m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne, kafirleri getirmekten ba\u015fka, yeni zul\u00fcm ve k\u00f6t\u00fc i\u015fleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n mal\u0131n\u0131, m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc kafirlere verip, be\u015f g\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u00fcnyaya gururlan\u0131p d\u00fcnya tela\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir\u2026” \u015feklinde de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. Afak Hoca’n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle, Akta\u011fl\u0131k ve Karata\u011fl\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar tekrar ate\u015flenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kutadgu Bilig\u2019in yazar\u0131 Yusuf Has Hacip\u2019in t\u00fcrbesindeyiz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrkistan k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihinin \u00f6neli isimlerinden Kutadgu Bilig\u2019in yazar\u0131 Yusuf Has Hacip\u2019in de t\u00fcrbesi Ka\u015fgar\u2019da. Apak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcrbesinden ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Ka\u015fgar\u2019da \u015fimdi ki dura\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Yusuf Has Hacip\u2019in t\u00fcrbesi oluyor. T\u00fcrbenin bulundu\u011fu alan ana cadde \u00fczerinde. Yusuf Has Hacip\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck boy ya\u011fl\u0131 boya tablolar\u0131yla s\u00fcsl\u00fc ye\u015fil \u00c7inilerle kapl\u0131 giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek t\u00fcrbe bah\u00e7esine ge\u00e7iyoruz. Giri\u015fte Yusuf Has Hacip\u2019in heykeli ve b\u00fcy\u00fck boy ya\u011fl\u0131 boya tablosu bize ho\u015f geldin dercesine g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn i\u00e7ine bak\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkistan mimarisiyle yap\u0131lan muhte\u015fem t\u00fcrbe binas\u0131 tipik minareleri ve ihti\u015faml\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleriyle bizleri b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ana t\u00fcrbe binas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck sandukada Yusuf Has Hacip\u2019in ismi ve do\u011fum-\u00f6l\u00fcm tarihleri yer al\u0131yor. T\u00fcrbe binas\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fik dillerde yaz\u0131lan Kutadgu Bilig\u2019den beyitler yer al\u0131yor. T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasetnamesi olan Kutadgu Bilig, adeta \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131 a\u00e7arcas\u0131na insanlara hala \u00f6\u011f\u00fctler veriyor. Sandukan\u0131n ba\u015f ucunda Fatiha-i \u015ferif okuyarak Yusuf Has Hacip\u2019in ruhuna ithaf ediyoruz. T\u00fcrbenin \u00fczerinde ku\u015flar\u0131n u\u00e7u\u015fmas\u0131 insana farkl\u0131 duygular ya\u015fat\u0131yor. T\u00fcrbe bah\u00e7esinde ki \u00e7i\u00e7ekler, meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 ama en \u00f6nemlisi anl\u0131 \u015fanl\u0131 Ka\u015fgar \u00fcz\u00fcm asmalar\u0131. Sadece g\u00f6z ziyafeti sunmuyor, midelerimize de bayram yapt\u0131r\u0131yor. Ba\u015f parma\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcz\u00fcm tanelerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 asmalar\u0131n \u00fcz\u00fcm salk\u0131m\u0131 neredeyse yar\u0131m metreyi ge\u00e7iyor. Fatiha-i \u015ferif okuduktan sonra \u00fcz\u00fcm asmalar\u0131ndan alarak Yusuf Has Hacip\u2019in ruhu i\u00e7in kana kana Ka\u015fgar \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fc de yemeyi ihmal etmiyoruz. Yusuf Has Hacip ile ilgili ansiklopedik bilgileri sizlerle payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yusuf Has Hacip<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrk tarihi kaynaklar\u0131nda Karahanl\u0131lar d\u00f6nemi hakk\u0131nda yeterli bilgi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi; bu devletin ‘vatanda\u015f\u0131’ olan \u201cBalasagunlu Yusuf\u201d hakk\u0131nda bilgiler de yok denecek kadar azd\u0131r. M.S. 1017-1019 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda do\u011fdu\u011fu rivayet edilmektedir. D\u00f6nemin ‘Kuz-Ordu’ isimli \u015fehri Balasagun’da do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Kendisinin tam bir biyografisi hen\u00fcz olu\u015fturulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck eseri boyunca ad\u0131n\u0131 bile sadece bir kez, “Kitap sahibi Yusuf, b\u00fcy\u00fck has hacib, kendi kendine nasihat eder” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131, son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde anm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u015fl\u0131ktan ba\u015f te\u015frifat\u00e7\u0131 oldu\u011fu da anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130yi bir e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli bilimlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a da \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir. 1077 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ka\u015fgar’da vefat etmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrbesi de bu kenttedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Karahanl\u0131 Devleti zaman\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Temel e\u011fitimini Balasagun’da alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendisine \u00f6nceden Balasagunlu Yusuf denilirken , sonras\u0131nda Has Hacib unvan\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yusuf Has Hacib, T\u00fcrk dili ve edebiyat\u0131 i\u00e7in temel bir eser olan Kutadgu Bilig kitab\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131d\u0131r. Kutadgu Bilig 6645 beyitlik bir eserdir. Eser, Allah’a hamd, Peygamber’e ve D\u00f6rt Halifeye te\u015fekk\u00fcrle ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yusuf Has Hacib, astronomi bilimini \u00f6\u011frenmek isteyenlerin, \u00f6nce geometri ve hesap kap\u0131s\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir: \u201cAritmetik ve cebir, insan\u0131 kem\u00e2le ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r; toplama, \u00e7\u0131karma, \u00e7arpma, b\u00f6lme, bir say\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131n\u0131, yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve kare k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc alma i\u015flemlerini bilen, yedi kat g\u00f6\u011f\u00fc avucunun i\u00e7inde tutar. Her \u015fey hesaba dayan\u0131r.\u201d<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nYusuf Has Hacib, T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131ndaki ilk siyasetnameyi yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131nda ilk naz\u0131m \u015feklini de o kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu naz\u0131m \u015fekli de mesnevidir. Bundan dolay\u0131 ona Yusuf Has Hacib denilmi\u015ftir. Bir siyasetn\u00e2me veya bir nasihatn\u00e2me olarak nitelendirilebilecek Kutadgu Bilig, Yusuf Has H\u00e2cib ve i\u00e7inde yeti\u015fti\u011fi \u00e7evrenin ilm\u00ee ve felsef\u00ee birikimi hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilgiler vermektedir. Platon’un devlet ve toplum anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi bilinmekte ve uygulanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bilimin ve bilginlerin de\u011feri anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bilim, g\u00fcvenilir bir rehber olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Kendisi bu kitab\u0131 yazmakla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir cesaret \u00f6rne\u011fi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131ndaki ilk siyasetnamedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar\u2019da ki son dura\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u0130digah Camii ve Ka\u015fgar meydan\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar\u2019da gezimiz t\u00fcm h\u0131z\u0131yla devam ediyor. As\u0131rlardan beri T\u00fcrkistan medeniyetine ba\u015fkentlik yapm\u0131\u015f Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 gezmek birka\u00e7 g\u00fcne s\u0131\u011fd\u0131r\u0131lamayacak kadar \u00e7ok zor. Biz, Ka\u015fgar\u2019da ki gezimize h\u0131zl\u0131 tempolarla devam ediyoruz. \u0130pek yolu dizilerinden keyifle izledi\u011fimiz bayram namaz\u0131 co\u015fkusunu bizlere ya\u015fatan Ka\u015fgar meydan\u0131nda bug\u00fcn fazla bir hareketlilik yok. \u0130pek yolu dizisinde davul ve zurnalar\u0131n \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131lar\u0131n oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bayram co\u015fkusunu ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnler ipek yolu dizisinde kalm\u0131\u015f. Ka\u015fgar Meydan\u0131 ve \u0130degah camiini ziyaret ediyoruz. Camiye kameram\u0131z al\u0131nm\u0131yor. Foto\u011fraf makinemizle camide \u00e7ekimler yap\u0131yoruz. Kavak a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131yla kapl\u0131 geni\u015f bir i\u00e7 avlu ve tipik T\u00fcrkistan mimarisiyle yap\u0131lan Camii, ye\u015fillikler i\u00e7erisinde adeta huzur adas\u0131. Y\u00fczlerce Ka\u015fgarl\u0131yla birlikte \u0130digah camiinde ikindi namaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131yor, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131larla konu\u015fup hasbihal ediyoruz. Cuma g\u00fcnleri alt\u0131 bin ki\u015finin namaz k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bayramlarda on bin ki\u015finin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130digah camii, g\u00fcn\u00fcn her saati hareketli. Avlu i\u00e7erisinde ki tipik minarelerde hoparl\u00f6rde Ezan-\u0131 Muhammediyenin okunmas\u0131, hu\u015fu i\u00e7erisinde dinlerken akl\u0131m\u0131z ve fikrimiz Ka\u015fygar\u2019\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fine, tarihine gidiyor. Ka\u015fgar Meydan\u0131, ipek yolunun birle\u015fme noktas\u0131yd\u0131. Burada \u0130pek hal\u0131 ve Ka\u015fgar hal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ma\u011fazas\u0131 da var. Hal\u0131 ma\u011fazas\u0131n\u0131 da ziyaret edip, Ka\u015fgar hal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n muhte\u015fem belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini \u00e7ekiyoruz. Ka\u015fgar, k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihimizin \u00f6nemli kilometre ta\u015f\u0131. Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 doya doya gecede gezip, belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz. Ka\u015fgar meydan\u0131nda ki seyir teras\u0131na yirmi yen vererek \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n seyir teras\u0131ndan muhte\u015fem g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini \u00e7ekerken, tarihi Ka\u015fgar \u015fehri ve yeni Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrini g\u00f6z ve g\u00f6nl\u00fcm\u00fcze nak\u015fibent ediyoruz. Kitap satan bir ma\u011fazaya giderek Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Divan-\u0131 L\u00fcgatit T\u00fcrk ile Yusuf Has Hacip\u2019in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kutadgu Bilig\u2019in Uygurca bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f n\u00fcshalar\u0131n\u0131n belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini de \u00e7ekiyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar\u2019a veda ederken<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1 Eyl\u00fcl 2012 cumartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc sabah erkenden Ka\u015fgar havaliman\u0131na giderek, \u00c7in hava yollar\u0131na ait u\u00e7akla Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye u\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131z. Ka\u015fgar\u2019a veda etmek \u00e7ok zor. Sisli bir havada i\u00e7imizi daral\u0131rcas\u0131na buruk ve s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir ortamda Ka\u015fgar havaliman\u0131na geliyoruz. S\u0131k\u0131 bir g\u00fcvenlik kontrol\u00fcnden sonra \u00c7in hava yollar\u0131 u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ile Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye do\u011fru hareket ediyoruz. U\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n penceresinden kameram\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak Taklamakan \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc, \u00f6zellikle Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 dayad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Pamir da\u011flar\u0131 ve tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini \u00e7ekiyorum. U\u00e7aktan 6-7 bin metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde ki karl\u0131 Pamir ve Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n muhte\u015fem manzaras\u0131 beni derinden etkiliyor. Taklamakan \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc \u00fczerinde on bin metreden adeta T\u00fcrkistan tarihini yeniden ya\u015f\u0131yorum. Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131, Pamir da\u011flar\u0131, Ka\u015fgar, Taklamakan \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc bizlere kendi t\u00fcrk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc, kendi hikayesini anlat\u0131yor. Da\u011flarla s\u00f6yle\u015fip Taklamakan \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc ile kokla\u015f\u0131yor, Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye u\u00e7arken kendimizi T\u00fcrkistan tarihinin i\u00e7erisinde buluyorum. Duyguseli i\u00e7erisinde T\u00fcrkistan tarihini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ger\u00e7ek durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendime geliyorum. Sizleri Pamir ve tanr\u0131 da\u011farl\u0131yla ilgili bilgi notuyla ba\u015f ba\u015fa b\u0131rak\u0131rken, ben u\u00e7akta T\u00fcrkistan tarihine yolculu\u011fumu s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pamir da\u011flar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pamir Da\u011flar\u0131, Orta Asya’da Tacikistan-\u00c7in, Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bulunan, lalenin ana vatan\u0131 olan ve Himalaya Da\u011flar\u0131’n\u0131n kuzey silsilelerini te\u015fkil eden s\u0131rada\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hisar Vadileri Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131’n\u0131 Pamir Da\u011f Sisteminden ay\u0131r\u0131r.Bir di\u011fer ad\u0131da Zal\u0131m Hal\u0131t olan Pamir Da\u011flar\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda Sincan i\u00e7lerine 1.760 km girer. En y\u00fcksek zirvesi 7495 m. y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ile \u0130smail Samani Zirvesi’dir. Pamir Da\u011flar\u0131’ndan gelen Seyhun ve Ceyhun nehirlerinin sular\u0131n\u0131n birikmesi ile bug\u00fcn kurumakta olan Aral G\u00f6l\u00fc olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Orta Asya’da bulunan b\u00fcy\u00fck da\u011f sistemlerinden birini olu\u015fturan s\u0131rada\u011flard\u0131r. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc siyasi co\u011frafya dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rsa, \u00d6zbekistan, Kazakistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve \u00c7in’in Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi’nin merkezi k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na yay\u0131l\u0131r. Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n 1,000,000 km\u00b2 lik alan\u0131 kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzeyde \u00c7ungar ve G\u00fcney Kazakistan d\u00fczl\u00fckleri, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu\u2019da Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131, g\u00fcneybat\u0131da Hisar ve Alay S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rlan\u0131r. Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 Pamir Da\u011f Sisteminden Hisar Vadileri ay\u0131r\u0131r. Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131 Paleozoik \u00c7a\u011f’da (540-245 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce) kristalin ve sedimanter kaya\u00e7lardan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6lgenin kuzey ve do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131 Palaeozoik ba\u015flar\u0131ndanki da\u011f olu\u015fumlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u0131vr\u0131larak y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcney ve Bat\u0131 kesimler ise metamorfoza u\u011fram\u0131\u015f sediman kaya\u00e7lar olup volkanik olu\u015fumlar nadirdir. B\u00f6lgenin k\u0131vr\u0131lmas\u0131 Palaeozoik’in ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nemlerine rastlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130klimsel \u00f6zellikleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131 yaz ve k\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0131s\u0131 farklar\u0131 ile karakteristik \u015fiddetli kara iklime sahiptir. Karakteristik olan kurakl\u0131k kendini \u00e7evreleyen \u00e7\u00f6ller ve kurak b\u00f6lgelerde belli eder. Bu alanlar y\u0131lda ortalama 2,500 saatlik g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 absorbe etmektedir. Da\u011flarda y\u00fckseklik artt\u0131k\u00e7a, iklim gittik\u00e7e so\u011fur. Daimi donmu\u015f topraklar 3,000 m y\u00fckseklikten sonra yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgelerde yaz boyunca geceleri don olay\u0131na rastlan\u0131r. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n ise buralarda (Aksay Vadisi) \u0131s\u0131 -50 \u00b0C olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Urum\u00e7i\u2019den Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131na yolculuk<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusunda da\u011flar, vadiler, \u0131rmaklar, ovalar, \u00f6zetle her \u015fey bizim t\u00fcrk\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc s\u00f6yler, Bizim \u015fiirimizi okur. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Urum\u00e7i\u2019den otob\u00fcsle yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yoruz. Hedef 2 saat mesafede ki tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131 milli park\u0131. \u00c7inliler Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131na Tien\u015fi da\u011flar\u0131 diyor. Ama biz Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131 demeye devam edece\u011fiz. Tien\u015f g\u00f6l\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n zirvesinde halen kazaklar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda bir gece konaklayarak, T\u00fcrk tarihinin ge\u00e7mi\u015fini ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131z. Park\u0131n bulundu\u011fu alanda otob\u00fcsten iniyor, 2 bin 300 metrelik zirvede so\u011fuktan \u00fc\u015f\u00fcmemek i\u00e7in k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k giyeceklerimizi haz\u0131rl\u0131yor, kontrol noktas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek \u00f6zel ara\u00e7larla tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131na do\u011fru t\u0131rmanmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yoruz. S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131, \u00e7a\u011flayarak akan Tien\u015fi \u00c7ay\u0131 ve kazak obalar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek virajl\u0131 dar yollar\u0131 geride b\u0131rak\u0131p Tien\u015fi g\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu kazak \u00e7ad\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n obas\u0131na geliyoruz. Binlerce turist buralar\u0131 ziyaret ediyor. \u00c7am ormanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda karl\u0131 Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n ete\u011finde ki Tien\u015fi g\u00f6l\u00fcne Uygurlar Bugda G\u00f6l\u00fc diyorlar. Bulundu\u011fumuz yer Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye 110 km uzakta. Da\u011f\u0131n zirvesi T\u00fcm\u00fcrcoksi zirvesi 7 bin metreden y\u00fcksek. Tien\u015fi g\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu alan 2 bin metre. G\u00f6l ve da\u011f manzaras\u0131 g\u00f6z ve g\u00f6n\u00fcl ziyafeti sunuyor. G\u00f6l \u00e7evresinde ki Kazak \u00e7ad\u0131rlar\u0131 adeta beyaz mantarlar gibi ye\u015fillikler i\u00e7erisinde bize ho\u015f geldin diyor. G\u00f6l \u00e7evresinde a\u011fa\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda gezintiye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yoruz. Kazak \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ne\u015fesi, \u00e7ad\u0131rda kalan Uygur ve kazak T\u00fcrkleri, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den geldi\u011fimizi \u00f6\u011frenince yak\u0131n ilgi g\u00f6steriyorlar. Kendileriyle sohbet ediyoruz. Kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131n sahibi 7 bin metreden kardelen \u00e7i\u00e7ekleri getirerek bizlere hediye ediyor. Bizim i\u00e7in \u00f6zel olarak kesilmi\u015f kuzu, \u015fi\u015f kebap yap\u0131l\u0131yor. G\u00f6k \u00e7ay\u0131 e\u015fli\u011finde kebaplar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 afiyetle yiyoruz. G\u00fcne\u015f batt\u0131ktan sonra ise so\u011fuk ba\u015fl\u0131yor. \u00c7ad\u0131rlar korunakl\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kemiklerimize kadar \u00fc\u015f\u00fcyoruz. Neredeyse iliklerimiz donmak \u00fczere. Sabah\u0131 zor ediyoruz. G\u00fcne\u015f do\u011fumuna yak\u0131n \u00e7ad\u0131rdan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p kameram\u0131 elime alarak tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131 \u00fczerinden g\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fu\u015funu bekliyorum. \u00c7ad\u0131r oba da bacalar yava\u015f yava\u015f t\u00fct\u00fcyor. \u0130nsanlar bir bir d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlar. Hayat obada g\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fumuyla hareketleniyor. \u00c7ad\u0131r oban\u0131n belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini \u00e7ekiyor. \u00e7ad\u0131rda kalan insanlarla konu\u015fup da\u011flarda ki muhte\u015fem g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin belgesellerini \u00e7ekiyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Urum\u00e7i tarih m\u00fczesindeyiz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131ndan tekrar Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yoruz. Urum\u00e7i\u2019de ki gezimizi son g\u00fcne b\u0131rakt\u0131k. Doya doya Urum\u00e7i\u2019yi gezece\u011fiz. \u0130lk dura\u011f\u0131m\u0131z tarih m\u00fczesi. Urum\u00e7i tarih m\u00fczesinde Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fiyle ilgili belgeler var. M\u00fczenin giri\u015finde geni\u015f bir Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan maketi yap\u0131larak \u00f6zel \u0131\u015f\u0131kland\u0131rmayla Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan illeri bir bir g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f. Taklamakan \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n adeta orta g\u00f6be\u011fini kapl\u0131yor. Tanr\u0131, Pamir, Alada\u011f ve Altay da\u011flar\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n Afganistan, Tibet, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, \u00d6zbekistan ve Kazakistan, Mo\u011folistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyor. \u0130pek yolu g\u00fczergah\u0131n\u0131 tarih m\u00fczesinde yeniden ke\u015ffediyoruz. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski mumyalar\u0131 Taklamakan \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Sincan Uygur g\u00fczeli olarak da ilan edilen 4 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k mumya \u00fczerende ki dokumalar Uygur medeniyetinin ihti\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131yor. Bu mumyalar Taklamakan \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcnde ge\u00e7mi\u015fte hayat\u0131n oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6steriyor. Urum\u00e7i tarih m\u00fczesinde Uygur, Mo\u011fol, K\u0131rg\u0131z, \u00c7in, Dungan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131, Tacikler, \u00d6zbekler ve Tatarlar b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bu etnik gruplarla ilgili ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 bilgiler ya\u015fant\u0131 tarzlar\u0131 verilmi\u015f. Teker teker bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri gezerek belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini tespit edip tarihe not d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp zamana noterlik yap\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Urum\u00e7i meydan\u0131ndan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a veda ediyoruz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Urum\u00e7i\u2019de son dura\u011f\u0131m\u0131z tarihi Urum\u00e7i meydan\u0131, ulu Camii ve kapal\u0131 \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yer. Muhte\u015fem mimarisiyle ipek yolunun ge\u00e7mi\u015fini yans\u0131yor. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 tu\u011fladan yap\u0131lan camii, Urum\u00e7i kulesi, kapal\u0131 \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 turistlerin u\u011frak yeri. Urum\u00e7i kap\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda her \u015fey sat\u0131l\u0131yor.\u00c7ar\u015f\u0131y\u0131 pazar\u0131 gezerek Urum\u00e7i\u2019de sat\u0131lanlar, \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda fikir sahibi oluyoruz. Urum\u00e7i seyir kulesinden Urum\u00e7i\u2019nin genel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini \u00e7ekiyor, ipek yolu g\u00fczergah\u0131nda ki tarihi yerden hem sunu\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 hem de Urum\u00e7i tarihine not d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyoruz. Urum\u00e7i\u2019de ki son dura\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Ba\u015fbakan Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n da ikindi namaz\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Urum\u00e7i camii oluyor. Tarihi meydan\u0131n biraz ilerisinde ki bu camii iki minaresiyle muhte\u015fem bir eser. Ba\u015fbakan Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n burada namaz k\u0131lmas\u0131yla Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan da ya\u015fayan Uygurlar b\u00fcy\u00fck mutluluk ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flar. Bizde bu camide namaz k\u0131l\u0131p belgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler \u00e7eker Urum\u00e7i\u2019den Pekin\u2019e do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ( Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi) \u2018nin Ba\u015fkenti Urum\u00e7i...<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nSincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi, \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fcneyde Tibet \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi, g\u00fcney do\u011fuda \u00c7inghay ve Gansu eyaletleri, do\u011fuda Mo\u011folistan, kuzeyde Rusya, kuzeybat\u0131da Kazakistan ve bat\u0131da K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, Tacikistan, Afganistan, Pakistan ve Hindistan kontrol\u00fcndeki Ke\u015fmir b\u00f6lgesiyle kom\u015fudur. 1.828.418 km\u00b2 y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc ile \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin en geni\u015f idari b\u00f6lgesidir. Ba\u015fkenti Urum\u00e7i, resmi dilleri Uygurca ve Standart \u00c7ince’dir.Man\u00e7ular\u0131n kurdu\u011fu Qing Hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Yeni Topraklar anlam\u0131na gelen “Shinkyang ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu isim kimi zaman ele\u015ftirilmekte, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ya da \u00c7in T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131 gibi isimlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 savunulmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti h\u00fck\u00fbmeti ise bu t\u00fcr isimlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k veya Pan-T\u00fcrkizm olarak nitelemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu b\u00f6lgede Uygurlardan ba\u015fka Kazak ve K\u0131rg\u0131z gibi T\u00fcrk\u00ee topluluklar da vard\u0131r. Zaten 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u00fcrkiye’ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f Orta Asya T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131n\u0131n da \u00e7o\u011fu \u00c7in esaretinden ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lge Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve T\u00fcrklerin anavat\u0131n\u0131n hemen g\u00fcneyindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hiung-nu Han Hanedan\u0131 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7in\u2019in Han Hanedan\u0131 (M\u00d6 206 \u2013 M.S. 220) d\u00f6neminde b\u00f6lge merkezi Mo\u011folistan steplerinde bulunan Hiung-nular\u0131n hakimiyeti alt\u0131nda bulunmaktayd\u0131. M\u00d6 2. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7in b\u00f6lgedeki yerel devletlerle Hiung-nu kar\u015f\u0131 ittifak olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla ilk defa Zhang Qian ad\u0131nda bir el\u00e7iyi bat\u0131ya g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Bundan sonra b\u00f6lgenin hakimiyeti i\u00e7in Han Hanedan\u0131 ve Hiung-nu’lar aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan uzun m\u00fccadele \u00c7in’in lehine sonu\u00e7land\u0131. M\u00d6 60 y\u0131l\u0131nda Han Hanedan\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bayin’gholin Mo\u011fol \u00d6zerk \u0130li yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Vuley\u2019de kurulan Bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri genel valili\u011fi’ne ba\u011flanarak \u00c7in himayesine girmi\u015ftir; \u00c7in buradan ba\u015flayarak bat\u0131daki Pamir Da\u011flar\u0131na kadar uzanan b\u00f6lgeyi kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda tutmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7in\u2019de Wang Mang kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Vilayette isyanlar ba\u015fg\u00f6sterdi ve M.S. 13 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu b\u00f6lge tekrar Hun hakimiyetine d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Daha sonra b\u00f6lgeye defalarca sefer d\u00fczenleyen Han Hanedan\u0131 74-76, 91-107 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, ve 123\u2019ten sonra vilayet y\u00f6netimini tekrar kurdu. Han Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n devrilmesinin ard\u0131ndan Bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri genel valili\u011fi Vey Hanedan\u0131 (265\u2019e kadar) ve Bat\u0131 Jin Hanedan\u0131 (265\u2019ten sonra) taraf\u0131ndan devam ettirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- \u2013 6. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak kuzeyden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ak\u0131nlar\u0131na maruz kalan Bat\u0131 Jin Hanedan\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131nca Kuzeybat\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019de Be\u015f Barbar Onalt\u0131 Krall\u0131k denilen d\u00f6nemde Han \u00c7inlisi olmayan halklar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7e\u015fitli krall\u0131klar kuruldu. Bunlardan Qian Liang, Qian Qin, Hou Liang ve Bat\u0131 Liang, Bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri genel valil\u011fi egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonunda Kuzey \u00c7in\u2019i egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftiren Kuzey Vey Hanedan\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunu hakimiyeti alt\u0131na ald\u0131. Bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri ise Shule, Yutian, Guizi ve Qiemo gibi yerel devletlerin elinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Turpan \u00e7evresindeki orta b\u00f6lgeler Kansu merkezli Kuzey Liang krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131l\u0131 olan Gaochang\u2019\u0131n kontrolu alt\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk b\u00f6lgesi ba\u015fkenti Urum\u00e7i<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru b\u00f6lgeye giren Tuyuhun ve Rouran boylar\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgedeki \u00c7in egemenli\u011fine son verdi. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Rouran hakimiyeti alt\u0131ndaki Altay b\u00f6lgesinde G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1 y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde Rouranlar\u0131 yenerek n\u00fcfuzu bat\u0131da Aral Denizi, do\u011fuda Baykal G\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015fan ve t\u00fcm Orta Asya\u2019y\u0131 kapsayan geni\u015f bir G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu kurdular. Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 583’te do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131; bu b\u00f6lge Bat\u0131 G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n egemenli\u011finde kald\u0131. 609 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in’in Sui Hanedan\u0131 Tuyuhunlar\u0131 yenerek g\u00fcneydo\u011fu Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
Tang hanedan\u0131 ve hanl\u0131klar<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7in\u2019de 618 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Tang Hanedan\u0131 b\u00f6lgede h\u0131zl\u0131 bir yay\u0131lma g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. 620’ler ve 630’lardan ba\u015flayarak G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler \u00fczerinde bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131ran Tang \u00c7in\u2019i 657\u2019de Bat\u0131 G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Anxi genel valili\u011fi’ne; “huzurlu + bat\u0131 \u015fehir + koruma + merkez” ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak bu vilayet Tang Hanedan\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrememi\u015ftir. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki Anshi \u0130syan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, Tibet Tang Hanedan\u0131’n\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgeden Yunnan\u2019a kadar olan geni\u015f bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. Bundan sonra Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyi Tibet\u2019in kontrol\u00fcne girerken, b\u00f6lgenin kuzey k\u0131s\u0131m\u0131 Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hakimiyetine girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Tibet ve Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zay\u0131flamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Karahanl\u0131lar 10. ve 11. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Bat\u0131 Xinjiang\u2019\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdi. Bu arada 840\u2019da Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n K\u0131rg\u0131zlar taraf\u0131ndan par\u00e7alanmas\u0131ndan sonra kimi Uygur boylar\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Turfan ve Urum\u00e7i \u00e7evresine yerle\u015fir. Burada kurulan Uygur devleti kimi zaman \u00e7e\u015fitli devletlerin himayesine girse de 13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusuna h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir. Kimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Karahanl\u0131lar ve Uygurlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki benzerliklere de\u011finmektedir.Uygurlarda islam dinini se\u00e7erek do\u011fuda ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131n dinlerine girmediler \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar\u0131n dinlerini se\u00e7erlerse kendi \u00f6z benliklerini yitireceklerini biliyorlard\u0131.kendisi gibi T\u00fcrk olan bu Karahanl\u0131lara uymu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
1132’de, Man\u00e7urya\u2019daki Kitan\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131llar\u0131 Kuzey \u00c7in’deki Jurchen’lerin bask\u0131s\u0131ndan ka\u00e7arak bu b\u00f6lgeye girmi\u015ftir. Burada Karah\u0131tay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kurarak Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc 13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar hakimiyetleri alt\u0131nda tutmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mo\u011fol D\u00f6nemi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mo\u011folistan\u2019\u0131n hakimiyeti alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftiren Cengiz Han bat\u0131ya do\u011fru ilerlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Uygur devleti 1209\u2019da Mo\u011follara ittifak teklif eder. Cengiz Han\u2019a vergi ve asker vermeyi \u00f6neren Uygurlar, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Turfan – Urum\u00e7i b\u00f6lgesinin egemenli\u011fini elinde tutmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r. 1218’de Cengiz Han Kara H\u0131tay devletini y\u0131kar. Kara H\u0131tay’\u0131n \u0130slamiyete kar\u015f\u0131 bask\u0131c\u0131 tutumlar\u0131 nedeniyle Cengiz Han Ka\u015fgar b\u00f6lgesinde bir kurtar\u0131c\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cengiz Han\u2019dan sonra Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lge ise \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak Mo\u011folistan ve \u00c7in’deki Yuan Hanedan\u0131 di\u011fer Mo\u011fol Hanl\u0131klar\u0131 burada hak iddia eder. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 par\u00e7alan\u0131r; Gulca, Yarkand ve Turfan’da h\u00fck\u00fbmdarl\u0131k kurulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- y\u00fczy\u0131lda Cungarlar (Oyratlar, Kalm\u0131klar) b\u00f6lgede bir \u0130mparatorluk kurar. Bunlardan Kalm\u0131klar egemenliklerini \u00c7in Seddinden Don Nehrine, Himalayalar\u2019dan Sibirya\u2019ya kadar geni\u015fletir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
Man\u00e7u \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7in\u2019de Man\u00e7ular taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Qing Hanedan\u0131 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda b\u00f6lgenin hakimiyetini Cungarlar\u2019\u0131n elinden al\u0131r. Qing Hanedan\u0131 Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131 ve \u00c7ungarya b\u00f6lgesinde kendine ba\u011fl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hanl\u0131klar olu\u015fturmak ister. Ancak 1758-1759 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan isyanlar \u00fczerine bu plan\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek direk merkeze ba\u011fl\u0131 bir askeri y\u00f6netim kurar. \u0130ki b\u00f6lge birle\u015ftirilerek Gulca\u2019daki \u0130li Generali’nin y\u00f6netimine verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dungan \u0130syan\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019in kuzey b\u00f6lgelerine bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r. Afyon Sava\u015f\u0131, Taiping \u0130syan\u0131 gibi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunan \u00c7in\u2019in u\u00e7 karakollardaki etkinli\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1864\u2019te Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da \u00c7inli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n (Hui\/Dungan\u2019lar) ve Uygurlar\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 isyanlar b\u00f6lgede \u00c7in egemenli\u011finin kalkmas\u0131na neden olur.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u015fgar Emirli\u011fi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1865\u2019da kom\u015fu Hotand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan Yakub Beg Ka\u015fgar\u2019a girer ve ard\u0131ndan gelen alt\u0131 y\u0131l boyunca neredeyse t\u00fcm Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u0131\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irir. Ancak 1871\u2019de karga\u015fadan yararlanan Ruslar Gulca dahil olmak \u00fczere zengin \u0130li nehri vadisini i\u015fgal eder. Qing Hanedan\u0131 generali Zuo Zongtang 1875-1877 aras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgenin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc tekrar ele ge\u00e7irerek Yakub Beg’in hakimiyetine son verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1881\u2019de diplomatik \u00e7abalarla Gulca b\u00f6lgesini geri al\u0131n\u0131r. 1884\u2019te Qing Hanedan\u0131 Sincan Eyaleti’ni kurarak buray\u0131 \u00c7in idari sistemine ba\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1912\u2019de \u00c7ing Hanedan\u0131n\u0131n yerini \u00c7in Cumhuriyeti al\u0131r. Sincan\u2019daki Qing valisi Yuan Dahua ka\u00e7arak yerini Yang Zengxin’e b\u0131rak\u0131r. Sincan\u2019\u0131n \u00c7in Cumhuriyetine devrini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren Yang Zengxin 1928’daki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar b\u00f6lgenin valisi olarak kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u00f6k Bayrak Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130sl\u00e2m Cumhuriyeti’nde kullan\u0131lan bayrak, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketinin sembol\u00fc olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00c7in’de yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1930\u2019larda patlak veren isyanlar 1933\u2019de Ka\u015fgar\u2019da Birinci Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti (Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130sl\u00e2m Cumhuriyeti)’nin ilan\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. K\u0131sa s\u00fcreli Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130sl\u00e2m Cumhuriyeti’nin ard\u0131ndan \u00c7inli bir sava\u015fbeyi olan Sheng Shicai Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1944-1949 aras\u0131nda Sincan\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinde bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130li Kazak \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi’nde Sovyetler Birli\u011finin deste\u011fiyle \u0130kinci Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti kurulur. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti 1949\u2019da Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu\u2019nun Sincan\u2019a girmesiyle birlikte sona erer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1954’de kurulan Sincan \u00dcretim ve \u0130n\u015faat Kolordusu b\u00f6lgenin Hanla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. 1 Ekim 1955’te Sincan Eyalet stat\u00fcs\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lge olarak ilan edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u00fcregelen Gerginlikler<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan siyasetinde \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7evreler taraf\u0131ndan ele\u015ftirilmektedir. Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k taraftarlar\u0131 \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin b\u00f6lgedeki Han \u00c7inlisi olmayan k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutuyor olmas\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirirler. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Sincan\u2019da ya\u015fayan bir\u00e7ok Han \u00c7inlisi yerli etnik gruplar\u0131n kayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, kendilerine kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131lmakta oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. 1949\u2019dan beri b\u00f6lgede bir\u00e7ok defa etnik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00c7in’in Lop Nur g\u00f6l\u00fc (Lop-Nur n\u00fckleer test alan\u0131) civarlar\u0131nda n\u00fckleer denemeler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir. 1990\u2019lar\u0131n sonundan 2008 ba\u015f\u0131na kadar olan d\u00f6nemde durum g\u00f6receli olarak sakin olmu\u015ftur. 2008 y\u0131l\u0131 Mart ay\u0131nda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve Tibet’teki Budistler, A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda Pekin’de yap\u0131lacak 2008 Yaz Olimpiyatlar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, kendilerinin \u00c7in i\u015fgali alt\u0131nda olduklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli eylemlerle D\u00fcnya halklar\u0131na hat\u0131rlatmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sincan, \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck idari b\u00f6lgesidir; \u00c7in\u2019in toplam y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131da birinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 kaplar. B\u00f6lge Tianshan Da\u011flar\u0131 (Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131) taraf\u0131ndan iki havzaya b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: \u00c7ungarya Havzas\u0131 ve Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131. Sincan\u2019\u0131n (ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7in\u2019in) en al\u00e7ak noktas\u0131 deniz seviyesinin alt\u0131nda 155 metredir. En y\u00fcksek noktas\u0131 ise, 8611 metre ile Ke\u015fmir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
T\u00dcRK\u0130STAN\u2019da DEVR-\u0130 ALEM \u0130smail Kahraman\u2019\u0131n Kalem ve Kameras\u0131n\u2019dan Anayurt\u2019dan Ata Yurda T\u00fcrk bas\u0131n tarihinde bir ilki ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek kendi imkanlar\u0131m\u0131zla Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a giderek Urum\u00e7i, Turfan, Ka\u015fgar, Yarkent ve Hotana\u2019da belgesel \u00e7eken ilk gazeteci olduk. 27 A\u011fustos ve 5 Eyl\u00fcl 2012 tarihlerinde Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da \u00e7ekti\u011fimiz belgeselin senaryo metnini sizlerle payla\u015f\u0131yorum. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan geliyorum Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan neresi ? […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":160,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-96","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turk-dunyasi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.avrasyagazetecilerdernegi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.avrasyagazetecilerdernegi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.avrasyagazetecilerdernegi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.avrasyagazetecilerdernegi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.avrasyagazetecilerdernegi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=96"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.avrasyagazetecilerdernegi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":161,"href":"https:\/\/www.avrasyagazetecilerdernegi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96\/revisions\/161"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.avrasyagazetecilerdernegi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.avrasyagazetecilerdernegi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=96"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.avrasyagazetecilerdernegi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=96"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.avrasyagazetecilerdernegi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=96"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}